tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-61611960009557063462024-02-20T17:22:46.872-08:00Critical response structureMckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.comBlogger214125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-56573530359019414872020-08-24T23:23:00.001-07:002020-08-24T23:23:07.078-07:00The Micro and Macro Factors That Would Affect Airasia’s PerformanceGuidelines ON ââ¬Å"HOW TO REFERENCEâ⬠Bibliography: Citations must be reliable in creator name(s) (spelling and name request) and distribution date between the content and the catalog toward the end. Any reference in the content must be coordinated by a full passage at long last list of sources. Sections in the book reference must be coordinated by passages in the content; if nor they ought to be erased. References must incorporate all data important to empower the peruser to find the referenced distribution. The models in the arrangement area underneath mirror the data considered satisfactory for each sort of publication.Citations ought to be in sequential order request by the main creator's last name (if there is a name); by the principal expression of the distribution or composing association if there is no creator name. References in text: ââ¬ËAuthor's last name (20**) discovered thatâ⬠¦ ââ¬Ë ââ¬ËRecent contemplates (Last name 20**; last name, last name, and l ast name 20**; last name 20**)â⬠¦ Note the accompanying: a semi-colon isolates sections, there is no comma before the date, there is a comma before the ââ¬Ëand' in different creator postings. References in references: Books: Ward, John W. (1987). Keeping the Family Business Healthy. San Francisco, Calif. Jossey Bass. Note the accompanying: Author names and distribution date are designed like diary sections. Books are emphasized and followed by a period. Distribution data incorporates the distributer's area with city and state followed by a colon and afterward the distributer's complete name. Diary Articles: Hoy, Frank, and Trudy G. Verser (1994). ââ¬ËEmerging Business, Emerging Field: Entrepreneurship and the Family Firm,' Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 19 (1), 9-23. Note the accompanying: Initials or first names follow the main creator's name, yet go before the last name for resulting authors.There is a comma before the ââ¬Ëand' between creator names, regardless of whether there are just 2 creators/There is a period after the date. Article titles utilize starting tops (barring conjunctions and relational words) and are hindered by twofold quotes. There is a comma between article title and diary title; the comma is inside the statements. Diary titles are stressed. The section number isn't emphasized. Neither ââ¬ËVol. ââ¬Ë or No. ââ¬Ë are utilized. In this way, Vol. 19, No. 1 = 19 (1). There is no ââ¬Ëpp. ââ¬Ë before the page numbers. Articles in altered distributions: Kaslow, Florence W. also, S. Kaslow (1992). ââ¬ËThe Family that Works Together: Special Problems of Family Businesses,' in Work, Families, and Organizations. Ed. S. Zedeck. San Francisco, Calif. : Jossey Bass, 312-361. Note the accompanying: Author names, distribution dates and article title are arranged like diary articles. Use ââ¬ËIn' before book title; title is stressed. Go before editorial manager's name with ââ¬ËEd. ââ¬Ë (which implies ââ¬Ëed ited by'; in this way ââ¬ËEds. ââ¬Ë is improper). Put initials before last names. Put a period between the editors' names and the distributer information.Include and organization distributer data like a book. Incorporate the page numbers (no ââ¬Ëpp. ââ¬Ë) n the book where the article is found. Papers introduced at gatherings or different gatherings: Pleck, John (1979). ââ¬ËWork-Family Conflict: A National Assessment,' paper introduced at the yearly gathering of the Society for the Study of Social Problems, Boston, Mass. , May. Note the accompanying: Author names, distribution dates and article title are designed like diary articles. Incorporate sort of meeting, supporting association, area, and date of meeting.If there are printed procedures for the gathering, refer to the section as an article in an altered distribution. Propositions and Dissertations: Simic, James (1993). ââ¬ËA Comparison of SMEs in Greenland and the Fiji Islands,' Ph. D. exposition, University o f Fjord, 23-26. Note the accompanying: Author names, distribution dates and article title are arranged like diary articles. Sort of work (Master's theory or Ph. D. thesis) ought to be shown, just as scholarly establishment. Site documentation: West Virginia Bureau of Business and Economic Research (2001). ââ¬ËEconomic Outlook Conference. ââ¬Ë Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-50814314281182082912020-08-22T02:28:00.001-07:002020-08-22T02:28:18.753-07:00Labor Laws and Unions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1Work Laws and Unions - Essay Example The association permitted various gatherings to join with the goal that it could battle for their privileges. Be that as it may, the state law later began administering the quantity of representatives who were permitted into this association. This prompted certain definition or sorting of organizations that made some of them unfit to be individuals from the association. Lamentably, Gompers was just keen on the gifted workers, and he considered many dark individuals untalented (Lorwin, 1972). In this manner, the association is commanded with the obligation of arranging exacting test, so it couldn't put together its participation with respect to suspicions. Also, the circumstance was encouraged to check the issue of a part not fitting the provisions of the state enactment (Roberts, 1960). To avoid some other issues, enrollment was open for all specialists notwithstanding of their race or shading. This decreased any expected government approach that may have influenced the association b ecause of the predisposition that fuelled prejudice in countryââ¬â¢s mechanical area (Aldrich, 2010). A worker's organization is a development framed by laborers with normal interests of accomplishing shared objectives that incorporate better working conditions (Marot, 2001). It is generally the obligation of the association authority to guarantee that they satisfactorily deal for the benefit of the workers, who are individuals from the association (Marot, 2001). Besides, the association heads are ordered with an on the whole expecting work contracts with the businesses for sake to representatives. Furthermore, arrangement inundates compensation, protest technique, work jobs, recruiting rules, advancement, and terminating of laborers, strategies, advantages, and work environment wellbeing. The dealings and resulting understandings by the pioneers of the association are ever official on the record and rank individuals just as in cases that include non-part laborers. It is important that a worker's organization might be comprised of individual laborers, glue laborers, experts, Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-50147021831006528572020-07-25T16:05:00.001-07:002020-07-25T16:05:02.334-07:00Why Fentanyl Pain Patches Can Be DeadlyWhy Fentanyl Pain Patches Can Be Deadly Addiction Drug Use Opioids Print Fentanyl Pain Patch Abuse Can Be Deadly By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on October 15, 2019 Alcibiades/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain More in Addiction Drug Use Opioids Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery The fentanyl patch is prescribed to give a slow release of a powerful opioid painkiller for people who are in pain. But it has the potential to be abused, turning it into a way of delivering a quick and dangerous high. Fentanyl is an opioid that is 100 times more potent than morphine. Fentanyl patch abuse can result in an overdose that can be fatal. Patients who are prescribed the patch must be educated to prevent misuse. How Fentanyl Patches Are Abused Because the patch is a sustained-release form of the drug, if one withdraws the 72 hours worth of drug and uses it in a form that it wasnt designed to be used for, then it can rapidly result in death, said Bruce Goldberger, Ph.D., of the University of Florida College of Medicine in a press release. Fentanyl patch abusers often extract the drug from the patches and then inject it, ingest it, or smoke it. Even used patches discarded in the trash are sought after by abusers as some drug remains in the patch. Other abusers might simply apply multiple patches at the same time. Those who abuse fentanyl are seeking a state of euphoria and relaxation common to opioid drugs. These drugs increase dopamine in the brains reward areas. Like heroin, fentanyl can also produce the effects of drowsiness, nausea, confusion, constipation, and lead to tolerance and addiction. Abusers might get the patches through prescription, by stealing them, or by buying them on the street. In some cases, they get them by scrounging through the trash of people who had a prescription and didnt dispose of them appropriately. Dangers of Fentanyl Overdose Taking a large dose of fentanyl can depress and stop breathing. You may become unconscious, go into a coma, and die. This happens because opioid receptors in the brain also control breathing. Because fentanyl is more potent than many other opioids, it is easier to misjudge how much of the drug is being taken. This is amplified if extracting it from patches and using other delivery methods. Fentanyl overdose has an antidote, naloxone, which restores normal respiration. However, it has to be used immediately and it can take higher doses of naloxone to reverse a fentanyl overdose compared to other opioids. EMTs and emergency room personnel must learn to recognize these situations. An example of the dangers was that 115 deaths in Florida were attributed to fentanyl patch abuse in 2004. Overdoses from fentanyl have continued to rise, but most deaths are due to injecting the powdered form, which is usually manufactured in clandestine laboratories rather than being diverted from legal pharmaceutical sources. The Problem Is Addiction Based on our study were recommending that physicians better educate their patients on the use of the patch, and, as a result, we might see lower numbers in fentanyl-related deaths, Goldberger said. While fentanyl patch abuse continues to be a problem, the use of illegally-manufactured powdered fentanyl is fueling even more overdoses. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-3027979206098878342020-05-22T08:49:00.001-07:002020-05-22T08:49:08.432-07:00Should Marijuana Be Legalized Essay - 1953 Words Marijuana Medicine or a High What has been in the news for a couple of years now is the subject of marijuana, should it be legalized in your state or not? This seems to be an ongoing topic of conversation on the news and in social settings. As a parent this subject is one that should be taken serious for the future of our children and society in general. Taking a hard look at both sides of this debate can help parents weigh both ends of the spectrum. Marijuana should be legalized for medicinal purposes only to help patients who are suffering from cancer and other illnesses. Knowing how marijuana affects your thoughts and your decision making can hopefully give our youth a better understanding of this drug. The problem that will be investigated is should this drug be legalized for everyday use like cigarettes are or should it be legalized for medicinal purposes only. What this papers hopes to accomplish is informative information on the use of marijuana for everyday use or just to help someone cope with an illness. Also what effect can long term use of marijuana have on the individual and on our country as a whole? The history of marijuana is an interesting one to say the least. Marijuana which is also called hemp was originally introduced by the government in the seventeenth century. Hemp was to be used for the production of rope, sails, and clothing. (Marijuana is the mixture of dried, shredded flowers and leaves that comes from the hemp plant) (PBSShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words à |à 4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has benefici al medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words à |à 7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (ââ¬Å"Marijuanaâ⬠1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel ââ¬Å"highâ⬠or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (ââ¬Å"Marijuanaâ⬠1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words à |à 6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words à |à 5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today. à Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement. à à Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words à |à 5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the ââ¬Å"highâ⬠feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words à |à 6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against ââ¬Å"potâ⬠smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words à |à 5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words à |à 6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a personââ¬â¢s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words à |à 7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a ââ¬Å"gateway drugâ⬠, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the medical si de of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this wouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?985 Words à |à 4 PagesLegalize Marijuana Despite what people believe about marijuana, it hasnââ¬â¢t once proved to be the cause of any real issue. It makes you wonder what the reason as to why there is a war on drugs. Why is marijuana the main concern? Since the time that alcohol and tobacco became legal, people wonder why marijuana isnââ¬â¢t legal yet. The fact that marijuana is illegal is mainly caused by the amount of money, jobs, and pride invested in the drug war. Once the government starts anything, they stick to it. At Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-26490759080705730032020-05-08T10:59:00.001-07:002020-05-08T10:59:03.423-07:00Political Awareness Essay - 1418 Words Political Action Awareness Nurse leaders are aware that todayââ¬â¢s health care system has many issues complicating the goal of quality patient care and outcomes for all. Nurse leaders must stay informed and become involved as an advocate influencing changes in policy, laws, and/or regulations that govern the health care system they practice in. At times the advocacy requires a nurse leader to become more involved beyond their immediate level of practice and into the world of politics and policy. The health care practice arena is impacted by decisions made by our legislative bodies at the federal and state levels. The changes in health care delivery methods, together with the political process and politicians increased involvement inâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Without an avenue to remain current in the knowledge about changes in policy and laws a facility and the nurse leaders could be unable to make the best decisions in regard to nursing practice within the facility in light of changes being made in health care and the future of nursing practice. Importance of Maintaining Awareness The timing is right for every nurse and especially nurse leaders to become involved in health care delivery and reform. The issues at hand for health care offer the opportunity for nurse leaders to form alliances with influential people and groups through the sharing of personal experiences with legislative bodies or joining politically active professional organization committees working to make changes occur. Nurses are ethically responsible and accountable to abide by the Standards of Clinical Nursing and the Code of Ethics for Nurses. Within the Code of Ethics are standards that specifically address shaping the practice of nursing and a nurses responsibility not only to the profession of nursing and its practice in the promotion of the best patient care and outcomes, but addresses standards of clinicalShow MoreRelatedThe Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics1412 Words à |à 6 PagesThe written word became not only the best way of recording the linear timeline of what happened when, but also the more abstract social and cultural aspects of everyday people living their everyday lives. History became the ideologies, fears, and political aggravations recorded in the books of the people, regardless of the genre. And as times changed, the predominant forms of writing changed to match them. Today, one specific form of writing that has become increasingly popular is argumentative orRead MoreCelebrity Activism732 Words à |à 3 PagesAnthony guidetti English I 7 December 2012 Activism Awareness Do you think celebrity activism is a positive or negative thing? Thatââ¬â¢s the question. To me, I think celebrity activism has a very positive effect on society and should become more popular. More celebrities should become activists because activists have a long successful history, celebrity activism helps draw attention to all different kinds of issues activism gives celebrities an opportunity to use their wealth for the goodRead MoreEmotional Intelligence : Developing And Maintaining Healthy Relationships773 Words à |à 4 Pagesââ¬Å"your ability to recognize and understand emotions in yourself and others, and your ability to use this awareness to manage your behavior and relationshipsâ⬠(p. 17). Emotional intelligence has two main competencies; 1) social: relates to the observation and interaction with others, and 2) personal: pertains to self-awareness and management. The competencies consist of four domains; 1) social-awareness: understanding and picking up on emotional cues of others, 2) relationship-management: developing andRead MoreSocial Welfare Policy Analysis For Social Workers Essay926 Words à |à 4 Pagesinfluencing policy for medicaid expansion in Texas. This includes having a better idea on who our coalition partners are, these are individuals and groups who share a common goal and purpose. This also includes knowing some strategies to increase public awareness, and as well what potential barriers may lie ahead that could possibly influence our success. Coalition Partners The state of Texas currently has a coalition set up solely to help with medicaid expansion in Texas, the coalition is called CoverRead MoreSelf Awareness And Self Knowledge758 Words à |à 4 PagesSelf-awareness and self-knowledge in relationships What self-knowledge? à It can not be bought at the price of effort or practice. Self-knowledge happens by observing yourself in your relationship with your classmates, your teachers and all those around you; it happens when you observe the ways of the other, his gestures, his way of dressing, talking, contempt or flattery, and your reaction; it happens when you observe everything that is happening in you and around you and you see as clearly asRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Branden s The Art Of Living 1236 Words à |à 5 PagesThe Art of Living Consciously: The Power of Awareness to Transform Everyday Life, Nathaniel Branden challenges his readers to turn up the light of consciousness, explaining that consciousness exists on a continuum, and our choice is between living more or less consciously. Consciousness is our basic tool for successful modification to reality. The more conscious we are in any situation, the more possibilities we tend to notice, the more options we have, the more powerful we are , even the longerRead MoreConfessions Of An Economic Hitman Essay2564 Words à |à 11 PagesPacker Christ-Arnaud Lacombe Marion Mayer Ulrik Karlsen Contents Introduction 2 Reflection on John Perkinsââ¬â¢ Sincerity 3 What Do the Voices From Below Show? 5 How Can Institutions Transform and End Malicious Practices? 6 How to Increase Awareness in Society? 8 Conclusive Thoughts about the Book 9 References 9 Introduction ââ¬Å"Confessions of an Economic Hitmanâ⬠by John Perkins, tells a story about his experience as an economic hitman at MAIN, with the goal to mislead andRead MoreLink Between Internet And The Internet1847 Words à |à 8 Pages7% have no internet access at all, see figure3. On the other hand people surveyed from RSC-Sample indicate that they using 3G mobile broadband technology with rate of 79.2% and the rest have no internet access at all. â⬠¢ People Awareness of the innovation. The awareness and usage among the population of the LSC-Sample is relatively low. According to the surveyed responses, 45.2 per cent of the citizens were not at all aware of eServices, 10.3 slightly aware but not using them where 17.6 per centRead MoreSelf Awareness3085 Words à |à 13 PagesSelf Awareness à What is self awareness?à à à à à à à Self awareness is a way for us to explore our individual personalities, value systems, beliefs, natural inclinations, and tendencies.à Because we are all different in the way we react to things, learn, and synthesize information, itââ¬â¢s helpful to occasionally spend time in self-reflection to gain a better insight into ourselves. Why is self awareness important? Self awareness is important because when we have a better understanding of ourselves, we areRead MoreGlobal Awareness : Global And Cultural Perspectives With Social, Political, Cultural, And Environmental Components1105 Words à |à 5 PagesGlobal Awareness Global awareness is the understanding of global and cultural perspectives with social, political, cultural, and environmental components. The key to understanding the commonalities and differences between people lies in global awareness while also promoting sensitivity to the impact globalization has on the world. Awareness of the interconnectedness of the world today promotes better partnerships between educational institutions, government organizations, and businesses that work Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-56667601185100506652020-05-06T09:37:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:37:52.700-07:00Working Class Youth and Moral Panic Free Essays Why has the nineteenth century been associated with ââ¬Ëa persistent panic over working class youthââ¬â¢? The events of the nineteenth century have often been described as turning points throughout Europe, the subsequent revolutions of the major powers of Europe led to significant change in the countries involved, additionally industrial revolutions and urbanization led to greater city populations. The question about youth firstly must be defined in a manor easily understood. How persistent the panic was is important in addition to this what panic was there. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Class Youth and Moral Panic or any similar topic only for you Order Now From the latter part of the 19th century these issues can be discussed with greater authority, and effects drawn more conclusively. ââ¬ËMoral panicââ¬â¢ is considered being a concern for the threat of social order or values as Stanley Cohen and Jock Young have emphasised. The context is vital during this period as British output doubled twice in the 19th century between 1830-1852 and 1852-80 which fundamentally changed Britain in a number of ways, before the revolution its estimated ? of the population lived in rural parts. Working longer for less in factories and higher living costs in an increasing urban country left many with very little. The relentless path that factory owners were able to take due to the governmentââ¬â¢s laissez-faire attitude led to another social change the breakdown of family life, safety was not an issue only profit, women and children worked hard and for little income. It is also argued that England was the worldââ¬â¢s first urban nation, and urbanization meant that the majority of people lived in urban areas according to the consensus of 1861, an inevitable factor in a growing power. The aspects that caused panic- and/or ââ¬Ëmoral panicââ¬â¢- are also an important aspect as well as what led to the reactions of politicians and how the public reacted to youth, which could often be a product of journalism at the time. It should also be explained there was no distinct youth pre 1850ââ¬â¢s, children entered adult life as soon as possible working in the various industries. And now there was a growing consciousness of not only the working class but of a ââ¬Ëyouth cultureââ¬â¢ one which was ultimately conscious of itself. With this change in society and as problems occurred newspapers took advantage to emphasise story lines which, arguably in turn would lead to ââ¬Ëmoral panicââ¬â¢ to some degree. And as Eileen Janes Yeo explains that some of these ideas were ââ¬Ëmanufacturedââ¬â¢ in the light of politicians creating these problems for them themselves to solve through social reform, creating further panic over the youth of tomorrow. An example of this can be seen by the mugging of an MP in 1862 or Garrotting as they were coined, held a small proportion of crimes but a press campaign resulted from this ââ¬Ëâ⬠¦ Garrotte robberies was tiny, the press created sensations out of minor incidents. Parliament responded with ferocious legislation providing for offenders to be flogged as well as imprisoned. ââ¬â¢[1] Later Clive Emsley explains ââ¬ËViolence, especially violence with a sexual frisson, sold newspapers. But violent crime in the form of murder and street robbery never figured significantly in the statistics or in the courts. ââ¬â¢[2] This therefore verifies the effects that the press had on panic within a social context to some extent. On the other hand Andrew Davies argues differently agreeing with Humphries point of view in his writings ââ¬ËI would strongly endorse Humphriesââ¬â¢ assertion that violent youth gangs were not an invention of the late Victorian press. ââ¬â¢[3] It should also be noted that to a degree many Victorian English thought that the Irish or more specifically the poor Irish were responsible for a large proportion of crime in some areas such as Lancashire. With the substantial increase in Irish immigration during the early Victorian period, the host societyââ¬â¢s widespread belief in the innate criminality of the Irish-and, more particularly, of the Irish poor-formed an integral component of the negative side of the Irish stereotypeââ¬â¢[4] The Dublin weekly newspaper added in 1868 ââ¬Å"Nowhere in England can our countrymen consider themselves safe from English mob violence,â⬠The press therefore had a degree of influence on the panic throughout England regardless of wheth er they overstated events or exaggerated them, which is not to say this was the case in these separate examples. As hand in hand they make the situation worse and can spread panic. There were on the other hand reasons for concern and panic within Britain during this time. There were considered to be many Scuttlers and such like which were not recorded during the time and as James Bent describes in his criminal life: reminiscences of forty-two years as a police officer ââ¬ËIn the early 1890s, staff at the Manchester Royal Infirmary informed the police that ââ¬Å"scarcely a day passedâ⬠Without the admission of someone who ad been injured in a scuttling affrayââ¬â¢[5] this shows to a large degree that the presence of the police was either needed or attributed to events occurring and therefore persistent panic could be justified to some degree. In addition to this pick pocketing is considered a skill and thus meant training, which opens a new area of debate. The orphans that were taken in had to work for their lodging and this could be the case with picking pockets. This argues that most youths were pushed into crime due to poverty and unbearable backgrounds. Such was the need for the Ragged schools to bring those who did not have a chance at education for the varying reasons that hindered children in the 19th century. The Metropolitan police force is an important factor in scaling the panic of 19th century England as a centralized force that had more responsibility and imposed increasing numbers of laws is an obvious sign of control regardless of whether it was needed or not. It could be considered to be a reactionary attribute to what was happening whether it was to take precautions or act against the facing problems of youth culture. Increases in police forces in cities can also be drawn from the panic of Gang violence and scuttling. Philip Gooderson certainly argues the case, as for example the Salsford police increasing the force by around 30 in the years 1890-1. The various factory acts of the 19th century could also play a part in delinquency as it meant that less and less children were working therefore would either be in education or on the streets. It should also be considered that children had been taken advantage within industries for a long time and the possible effect this had on youth, the 19th century finally saw a slow and gradual intervention in this through various social reforms with such acts as the chimney sweeps act of 1840, which finally began to be enforced unlike previous reforms which were often ignored, as well as the numerous factory acts which allowed better conditions for children and women and age restrictions. The various institutions that were created during the 19th century are an obvious sign of ââ¬Ëmoral panicââ¬â¢ and clearly show one reason why the 19th century has often be concerned with youth. Schools such as the Ragged schools in 1844, Reformatories in 1854 and finally in 1857 Industrial schools, each of which were to their own as such and have varying ideals. However there are conflicting views upon how delinquents should have been treated, and there are a number of private voluntary additions that drove for a varying unishments opposed to prison, such as, Mary Carpenter, Sydney Turner and Mathew Davenport Hill whom helped in different ways to establish delinquency and aid such effects, this also argues the case for ââ¬Ëmoral panicââ¬â¢ as there were now debates on what was best for delinquents in form of punishments and education. Additionally the social welfare and acts of the 1850ââ¬â¢s as well as the education act of 1876 introduced a number of industrial schoo ls and further developments within truant schools. There was a network of 208 schools: 43 reformatories, 132 industrial schools, 21 day industrials schools and 12 truant schoolsââ¬â¢[6] Heather Shore comments that ââ¬Ë The juvenile offender was not, then, an invention of the nineteenth century. However, it is clear that in this period a reconceptualisation of youth crime, and various developments in social policy, as well as the activities of certain individuals, resulted in a new language of youthful delinquency. Juvenile delinquency reiterated throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuryââ¬â¢s, even today there is a concern for today and tomorrowââ¬â¢s youth as ideals are lost through different generations, not to mention the rise in knife and dangerous weapon crimes. Gang violence and criminality are still high today in London and other major cities with a similar average age of criminality ââ¬Ëthe average age of a teenager arrested for murder in 2008 (18. 1 yea rs) was four months older than the average age of a teenage murder arrestee in 1960 (17. à years)ââ¬â¢[7] despite there being ââ¬Ëmoral panicââ¬â¢ for youth culture during the 19th century itââ¬â¢s not strictly persistent just to 19th century, as it is still of concern today. During the 18th and 19th century children worked for up to 18 hours a day, little or no education was offered as a result right and wrong was not always apparent and this is a contributing factor to delinquency and persistent panic in the 19th century, as modernity took hold of Britain and more liberal and welfare ideas were debated which stemmed concern for youth which had not been fully understood or considered in previous centuryââ¬â¢s. Bibliography Davies, Andrew youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, Journal of Social History, Vol. 32, No. 2. (Winter, 1998), pp. 349-369 Emsley, Clive Crime and the Victorians Last updated 2011-02-17 http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml 02/02/12 Males, Mike A. Criminals and violent offenders getting older and olderâ⬠¦ not ââ¬Å"youngerâ⬠03/12/2010 http://www. cjcj. org/post/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger Accessed 02/03/2012 Pearson, Geoffrey Disturbing continuities: ââ¬ËPeaky blindersââ¬â¢ to ââ¬ËHoodiesââ¬â¢ ( CJM no. 65 Autumn 2006) Shore, Heather The idea of juvenile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 2000 Swift, Roger Heroes or Villains? : The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Victorian England : http://www. jstor. org/stable/4051670 Accessed: 06/03/2012 13:45 ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â [1] Clive Emsley http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. shtml [2] http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/victorians/crime_01. html [3] Andrew Davies youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford p. 4 [4] Roger Swift Heroes or Villains? : The Irish, Crime, and Disorder in Victorian England [5] Youth gangs, masculinity and violence in late Victorian Manchester and Salford, p. 5 [6] Heather Shore, The idea of juvenile crime in 19th century England, History Today, June 200 p. 7 [7]http://www. cjcj. org/po st/juvenile/justice/criminals/and/violent/offenders/getting/older/and/older/not/younger How to cite Working Class Youth and Moral Panic, Papers Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-76199995818824234832020-04-27T22:08:00.001-07:002020-04-27T22:08:02.983-07:00Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment Essay ExampleStrategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment Paper His analysis identifies the fundamental changes in the nature and role of strategic planning over the past two decades. In response to the difficulties faced in tumultuous and unpredictable environments, he notes that strategic planning processes have become more informal, less staff driven, and more decentralized and strategic plans have become less specific, more goal focused, and shorter term. According to Grant, the role of strategic planning systems within company management has changed too as it has become less about detailed planning and more a method for organization and performance managing. Through interviews with company personnel, he came up with three trends common to all eight companies: shortening time horizons, a shift from detailed planning to strategic direction, and increased emphasis on performance planning (Grant 2003, p. 508). Despite the successful change of strategic planning systems to unstable environments, the study shows the effectiveness of companies strategic planning may also have deteriorated. Evidence of this includes the limited impacts of strategic planning processes on the quality of strategic decisions and little proof that the systems were actually beneficial to strategic innovation. Critical Article Review The company have chosen for my critical article review is Royal Dutch Shell. Using Grants data on Shells strategic planning practices during the late asss, will examine how the key points of the paper relate to the company and reflect upon the companys strategy implementation since then. Royal Dutch Shell, commonly known as Shell, is an Anglo-Dutch multinational oil and gas corporation founded in 1907 (Shell, 2013). Shell was the largest oil and gas corporation in 1996 with sales revenue topping SSL 2. 8 billion and approximately 101 ,OHO employees (Grant 2003, p. 497). We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Planning in a Turbulent Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer While Shell has since Allen to the second largest company in the world in terms of revenue (after Complexion), it continues to rank as one of the worlds most valuable companies. The Emergence Of a New Strategic planning process While the planning systems of the 1 sass and asss were highly formalized, these systems had become far more informal by 1996-97 as there was less emphasis on written documentation and formal presentations, and more emphasis on open discussion (Grant 2003, p. 507). At the same time, strategic plans became less concerned with detailed planning and placed greater emphasis on more broadly defined goals. To communicate and guide their strategies, companies created mission and vision statements that helped establish long-term strategic objectives. In addition, increased emphasis was placed on performance planning as strategic plans shifted their focus away from forecasts and more towards financial and operational performance targets. As companies became more concerned with performance goals, the role of short and medium planning in the strategic planning process grew as well. Because Shell is a multinational and multitudinous operation, the company has chosen to use a strategy statement instead of a mission statement. Taken directly from the companys website, Shells strategy is listed below: Our strategy to generate profitable growth remains to drive forward with our investment programmer, to deliver sustainable growth and provide competitive returns to shareholders, while helping to meet global energy demand in a responsible way (Shell, 2013). As noted in Grants paper, this statement is indicative of strategic plannings shift to broad strategic direction. Rather than focus on lengthy programs of action, resource deployments, and commitments to specific projects, Shells strategy concentrates on financial and operational performance targets. One of the biggest challenges Shell faces is integrating shorter performance targets with longer-term performance goals. With this in mind, the company developed short-term profit targets that were consistent with building a longer-term competitive advantage. In its upstream strategy, the company focuses on finding new oil and gas reserves and developing major value- adding projects. For 2013, Shell summarizes its upstream strategy in three main points: 1) profitable growth and price upside, 2) greater than 80% Of total capital spending, and 3) sustained exploration investment (Shell, 2013). With its downstream strategy, its focus is on sustaining cash generation from its current assets and investments in growth markets. Shell lists stable capital employed, fewer refineries, and more concentrated marketing positions as its downstream goals for 2013 (Shell, 2013). Today, the common strategic planning objectives referred to in Grants paper-?financial targets, operating targets, safety and environment objectives, strategic mileposts, and capital expenditure limits-?are still relevant, as highlighted in Shells strategic plan (Grant 2003, p. 509). While Grant listed financial targets as being the top rarity for oil companies at the time, their priorities are starting to change. As climate change continues to cast a shadow on the global energy industry, companies like Shell are promising to meet global energy demand in a socially responsible and environmentally friendly way. Shell is committed to improving energy efficiency in its own operations, helping customers manage their own energy demands, and continuing to invest in new technologies that increase efficiency and reduce emissions in oil and gas production (Shell, 2013). The Shift to Scenario Planning As the accuracy of macroeconomic and arrest forecasts declined abruptly during the asss, the dangers of using medium-term forecasts as the foundation for corporate plans were exposed. During this time, companies reduced their forecasting efforts and downsized or even eliminated their economist staff in an attempt to better deal with changing market circumstances. In place of forecasts, many external analysts began using scenario planning. With scenario planning companies were able to replace single-point forecasts with alternative scenarios of the future which allowed decision-makers to be more aware of and responsive to changing market circumstances. Scenario planning has been at the heart of Shells business for over four decades. Since work began on the first Shell Scenarios document in 1972, scenario planning has helped Shell prepare for many eventualities and maintain business stability through even the most chaotic of times (Shell, 2013). Of the eight companies surveyed, Grant found Shell to be the only one to base its entire strategic planning process on scenario analyses. Shell is so keen on scenario planning that its analysts list this planning process as the main reason for the companys success over the past few decades. Considered by many to be the most important innovator with geared to scenario planning, the Shell Scenarios methodology has been adopted by many different companies and organizations worldwide. With Shells support, the Singapore Government starting implementing scenario planning in 1991 (Shell, 2013). Today, scenario planning is a central part of the Governments annual strategic planning process. Shells latest scenarios, Shell Energy Scenarios to 2050, help us think about the future of energy. Using two scenarios to look at the different ways it may develop, Shell will be better equipped to fulfill its goal of providing energy in responsible ways and helping TTS customers and investors as best it can. In the first scenario, called Scramble, little thought is given to more efficient energy use until supplies are scarce. Similarly, greenhouse gas emissions are not genuinely addressed until there is drastic climate change. In the second scenario, known as Blueprints, local communities start to tackle the challenges of environmental pollution, economic development, and energy security. Using techniques such as a carbon tax, a price is given to a critical mass of emissions which spawns a huge economic stimulus to the development of clean energy technologies. This scenario old result in lower carbon dioxide emissions. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-53015519324151779532020-03-19T17:14:00.001-07:002020-03-19T17:14:03.627-07:00The 14 ACT Grammar Rules You Must KnowThe 14 ACT Grammar Rules You Must Know SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT English section consists of questions that test your knowledge of grammar and writing style. By learning and understanding the grammar rules tested on the ACT, you'll be well on your way to getting an excellent ACT English score. In this article, I'll explain the most important ACT English grammar rules and provide sample questions from real ACTs. How to Use This Guide to ACT Grammar Rules The ACT English section tests numerous grammatical concepts, with many appearing consistently on every test.In this guide, Iââ¬â¢ll give you explanations and examples for the most commonly tested ACT grammar rules.Keep in mind that there are also style and organization questions on ACT English that are unrelated to specific grammar rules. This article is a great study tool if you are trying to get a middle score, just starting your ACT English studying, or reviewing the most importantACT grammar rules.If your target score is above 30, you should also study the grammar rules that are only rarely tested on the ACT. For more examples or explanations of the rules I discuss below, or if you want to learn more about ACT grammar rules,read our other articles onACT English. The 14 Most Commonly Tested ACT Grammar Rules These rules are by far the most important for you to learn and understand in order to conquer the ACT English section. I've linked each rule to the article in which it's explained more thoroughly. You can also find in these articles explanations for related grammar rules that are less important but still tested on the ACT. #1: Surround Non-Restrictive Clauses and Appositives With Commas Comma rules are extremely important to know for the ACT, and these comma rules are repeatedly tested on ACT English. Relative Clauses: Restrictive vs Non-Restrictive Relative clauses are dependent clauses that describe a noun and start with a relative pronoun or adverb such as "who," "that," "which," or "where." The basic rule is that non-restrictive clauses should be surrounded by commas, whereas restrictive clauses should not be. On the ACT, clauses that start with "which" are always non-restrictive, and clauses that start with ââ¬Å"thatâ⬠are always restrictive.Therefore, clauses that start with ââ¬Å"whichâ⬠should always be surrounded by commas, whilethose that start with ââ¬Å"thatâ⬠should never be. What's a Restrictive Clause? Restrictive clauses are essential to the meaning of the sentence. You canââ¬â¢t take a restrictive clause out of a sentence without significantly changing the meaning of the sentence. Hereââ¬â¢s an example: People who wear sunglasses indoors arenââ¬â¢t invited to the party. If you remove the clause "who wear sunglasses indoors," you substantially change the meaning of the sentence. You wouldn't know which people aren't invited, and youââ¬â¢d be left with "People arenââ¬â¢t invited to the party."Because you canââ¬â¢t remove this clause without changing the meaning of the sentence, the clause should not be surrounded by commas. This kid can't come to the party. (Court Kizer/Flickr) What's a Non-Restrictive Clause? A non-restrictive clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. If you got rid of the clause, the sentence would still make sense, and its meaning wouldnââ¬â¢t change.Hereââ¬â¢s an example sentence with the non-restrictive clause underlined: My day, which consisted of eating and studying calculus, was incredibly boring. The clause "which consisted of eating and studying calculus" adds more information about my day, but if it were removed, the overall meaning of the sentence would be unchanged. This is what the sentence looks like if we remove the non-restrictive clause: My day was incredibly boring. As you can see, the overall meaning of the sentence is the same. The sentence is still describing my day as boring; we just have less information detailing why it was boring. Actual ACT Example The clause "who had gathered essential material critical to writing his best-selling novel Roots from a griot in Gambia" is a non-restrictive clause which adds more information about Alex Haley. Since a non-restrictive clause must be surrounded by commas, the correct answer is D. What Is an Appositive? An appositive is a descriptive phrase that doesnââ¬â¢t include a verb. Like a non-restrictive clause, an appositive can be removed without changing the meaning of the sentence. Hereââ¬â¢s an example sentence with the appositive underlined: Lily, my niece, is the most exceptional child in the world. If we get rid of the appositive, the sentence still has the same meaning: Lily is the most exceptional child in the world. This isn't my niece. Actual ACT Example The phrase "known as the Navajo code talkers" is an appositive and thereforemust be surrounded by commas. Because the original sentence is correct,the correct answer is F.Answer choices G and J are both wrong because there is no comma after "group." Also, answer choice H is incorrect because it creates a run-on sentence. #2: Don't Put a Comma Before or After a Preposition On the ACT, itââ¬â¢s always incorrect to put a comma after a preposition and very rarely correct to place one before.Here are some example sentences that include commas incorrectly placed before or after prepositions: Ana enjoys traveling, to Hawaii for fun. Lucy was petrified to look under, the bed. The commas before "to" and after "under" should be removed. Here are the corrected versions of the sentences: Ana enjoys traveling to Hawaii for fun. Lucy was petrified to look under the bed. brownpau/Flickr The one exception to this rule is when a preposition introduces a non-restrictive clause. Hereââ¬â¢s an example of this: Cade, with whom I went to college, is an extremely skilled physician. The clause "with whom I went to college" is a non-restrictive clause that provides more information about Cade. Because non-restrictive clauses must be surrounded by commas, the comma before the preposition "with" is correct. Keep in mind that this situation rarely comes up on the ACT. Generally, commas shouldnââ¬â¢t be put before or after a preposition on the test. Actual ACT Example The comma before the preposition "of" is wrong; there also shouldnââ¬â¢t be any comma after "rights." Therefore, the correct answer is C. On the ACT, if youââ¬â¢re unsure whether or not there should be a comma, it's best toerr on the side of leaving the comma out. #3: Don't Separate Two Independent Clauses With a Comma Separating two complete thoughts with a comma is a grammar error known as a comma splice, and it's the most common type of run-on sentence that appears on the ACT. Here's an example of a comma splice: Iââ¬â¢m going to my friendââ¬â¢s house, itââ¬â¢s really far away. As you can see, the clauses before and after the comma are complete thoughts that could stand alone as sentences. There are a few ways to correct a comma splice. One is to place a conjunction after the comma: Iââ¬â¢m going to my friendââ¬â¢s house, but itââ¬â¢s really far away. Alternatively, you can put a relative pronoun after the comma: Iââ¬â¢m going to my friendââ¬â¢s house, which is really far away. Finally, you can use a semicolon to correctly separate two complete thoughts: Iââ¬â¢m going to my friendââ¬â¢s house; itââ¬â¢s really far away. I'm not sure what this means. (Laura Olin/Flickr) Actual ACT Example Both clauses before and after the comma are independent and could stand alone as sentences; therefore, this sentence is a comma splice. Since adding a conjunction after the comma corrects the comma splice, the correct answer is B.While answer choice C also adds a conjunction, this choice doesnââ¬â¢t work since the word "so" doesnââ¬â¢t make sense in the context of the sentence. ("So" implies a cause-effect relationship, whereas "and" connects two related thoughts.) #4: Use the Fewest Words Possible When it comes to the ACT, the shortest, grammatically correct answer choice that expresses the same information as the original sentence will be the right answer.Sentences that are more concise are easier to comprehend. Wordiness On ACT English, wordiness is a grammatical error in which words or phrases are added to a sentence unnecessarily. Here's an example of a wordy sentence: Melissa enjoys having fun by way of shooting at the gun range. And here is the corrected version of the sentence: Melissa enjoys shooting at the gun range. Clearly, the second sentence is more concise, and it stillcontains all the relevant information thatââ¬â¢s in the first sentence. That looks like a fancy gun- but, then again, I don't know anything about guns. Actual ACT Example The phrase "as time goes by" is unnecessary- it doesnââ¬â¢t add any information that canââ¬â¢t be inferred without it. Answer choices B and C are incorrect because the sentence already implies that her collection grows "gradually" and "with the passing of time." Thus, the correct answer is D. Redundancy Wordiness and redundancy are similar errors. Ifa word or phrase is redundant, this means it can be eliminated without altering the meaning of the sentence. Here is an example of a sentence with a redundancy error (the underlined part): I quickly finished the test in a rapid manner. The phrase "in a rapid manner" is redundant because the word "quickly" already implies that I finished the test rapidly. This sentence can therefore be corrected by simply getting rid of the redundant phrase: I quickly finished the test. Actual ACT Example The word "peril" means danger; therefore, the phrase "dangerous peril" is redundant- that is, the word "dangerous" can be eliminated without changing the meaning of the sentence. This means thecorrect answer is J. Jumping out of an airplane can put your life in peril. (Morgan Sherwood/Flickr) #5: Modifiers Must Be Next to What They're Modifying The general rule regarding modifiers is that they must be placed next to whatever it is they're modifying. On ACT English, there are two types of modifier errors, which we introduce below. Misplaced Modifiers Generally, adjectives and adverbs go before the word theyââ¬â¢re modifying, and prepositional phrases go after the word theyââ¬â¢re modifying. Here's an example of a misplaced modifier: George broke the plate inthe kitchen that his mom bought on their vacation. The way the sentence is written makes it seem as though Georgeââ¬â¢s mom bought the kitchen(instead of the plate) on their vacation. Here is a corrected version of the sentence: In the kitchen, George broke the plate that his mom bought on their vacation. Now, itââ¬â¢s evident that George's mom bought the plate- not a kitchen!- on their vacation. Actual ACT Example The phrase "in pink-tinted glasses" should come after the word itââ¬â¢s modifying. From the sentence, we can safely assume that it was the woman who was in pink-tinted glasses. Answer choice G is the most logical, grammatically correct answer. Dangling Modifiers When a sentence begins with a modifying phrase, the introductory phrase must be immediately followed by a comma and the noun being described. Hereââ¬â¢s an example of a dangling modifier, with the incorrect part underlined: While walking through the grocery store, Janeââ¬â¢s shopping cart knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor. The way the sentence is written makes it seem as though Janeââ¬â¢s shopping cart- instead of Jane- was walking through the grocery store. There are a couple of ways to fix the sentence. One is to place the noun that's being modified right after the comma: While walking through the grocery story, Jane knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor with her shopping cart. Alternatively, you can place the subject in the introductory phrase: While Jane was walking through the grocery story, her shopping cart knocked three bags of Doritos onto the floor. Be careful with the Doritos. (theimpulsivebuy/Flickr) Actual ACT Example The original sentence implies that "she" died down; however, this doesnââ¬â¢t make much sense. From this sentence, we can infer that a fire dies down- not "she."Answer choice J is clear and concise, and it corrects the dangling modifier. #6: Keep Verb Tenses Consistent The basic verb consistency rule is that verbs should remain consistent in both tense and form throughout a sentence.Hereââ¬â¢s an example of a consistency error, with the incorrect part underlined: Twenty-five years ago, Josh bought Cross Colours clothing and learns how to rap. The verb "learns" should be in the past tense. Not only should "learns" be consistent with the past tense "bought," but also the phrase "twenty-five years ago" indicates that this was something that happened in the past. Here's the corrected version of the sentence: Twenty-five years ago, Josh bought Cross Colours clothing and learned how to rap. Furthermore, the verb tenses of surrounding sentences can provide context clues for the proper tense to use in a given sentence to maintain consistency. Here's another example of a consistency error: Natalie works in fashion. She liked keeping up with the latest style trends. The shift from the present tense "works" to the past tense "liked" doesnââ¬â¢t make sense in context, and the verb tenses should remain consistent. Here's a corrected version of the sentence: Natalie works in fashion. She likes keeping up with the latest style trends. Actual ACT Example The verbs "continue" in the first sentence and "score" in the second sentence are in the present tense; as a result,the shift to the past tense with the word "were" doesnââ¬â¢t make sense given the context. To fix this error, we must change "were" to the present tense. The correct answer is C. (Answer choice D unnecessarily adds the infinitive "to be.") #7: Choose the Right Word Based on Context Word choice is a common topic on the ACT English section. Word choice refers to knowing which specific word to use in the context of a given sentence. There are two common types of word choice questions that often appear on the ACT. Homophones Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings.Here are some homophones that have appeared on the ACT: its - it's their - they're whose - who's would've - would of All the words with apostrophes are contractions (it's = it is, they're = they are, who's = who is, and would've = would have). By contrast, "its," "their," and "whose" show possession. Finally,"would of" is always wrong and should be corrected to either "would have" or "would've." You might also come across the word "its'," which is not a real word and will thus always be incorrect. Here is an example of a word choice error: The committee chose not to defend itââ¬â¢s decision. In this sentence, the use of the contraction "it's" is incorrect. Instead, we should use the possessive word "its" to indicate thatthe decision belongs tothe committee: The committee chose not to defend its decision. Related Words The second type of word choice error on the ACT involves synonyms or related words. With this type of question, a word will be underlined and the answer choices will be related words. However, only one word will be correct given the context of the sentence. Actual ACT Example The context of this sentence indicates that the underlined word should signify that the celebration is made bigger or more important. Even though "heightened," "raised," and "lifted" can all mean making something higher, only the word "heighten" can mean to deepen or intensify. Therefore, the correctanswer is A.The celebration isnââ¬â¢t literally lifted up but rather made more important. These types of questions can be difficult becausethey require a deep knowledge of vocabulary. Theyââ¬â¢re hard to prepare for since you donââ¬â¢t know which words will appear on the ACT. However, if you are able to recognize a word choice question, hopefully youââ¬â¢ll be able to select the right word using the context of the sentence. Also, you can keep track of word choice questions from previous ACTs. #8: Use the Correct Idiomatic Expression Idiom questions donââ¬â¢t conform to specific rules. You have to rely on your intuitive grasp of English and your knowledge of specific phrases to choose the right idiomatic expression. On most idiom questions on the ACT, youââ¬â¢ll be asked either to determine which preposition to use in a given sentence, or whether to use a gerund or an infinitive. Prepositional Idioms For prepositional idioms, you need to know which preposition to use based on the context of the sentence. Hereââ¬â¢s an example sentence with a prepositional idiom error underlined: Because Alexis was three hours late, I was worried of her. The correct expression is "worried about." There's no specific rule you can learn to identify this error; you just have to be familiar with the phrase. Idiom questions are the only types on ACT English for which it's in your best interest to rely on what sounds right. Idioms With Gerunds or Infinitives Gerunds are verbs that act as nouns and end in "ing."Examples of gerunds include "running," "talking," and "singing."Infinitives are verbs used as nouns; they are constructed by putting the word "to" before a verb.Examples of infinitives are "to run," "to talk," and "to sing." While gerunds and infinitives can be interchangeable in some sentences, other sentences require the use of one or the other.Hereââ¬â¢s an example of an idiom error: You decided reading this article. In the sentence, the gerund "reading" should be changed to an infinitive: You decided to read this article. Unfortunately, there is no specific rule you can rely on to know when to use a gerund or infinitive in an expression. Try to use your knowledge of idioms and keep track of idiom questions on previous ACTs. Actual ACT Example The correct expression is "right to wear clothing," sothe correct answer is C. Enokson/Flickr #9: A Pronoun Must Agree With Its Antecedent This rule means that a pronoun must agree with its antecedent in number. A plural pronoun must refer to a plural noun, and a singular pronoun must refer to a singular noun.Here's an example of a pronoun number agreement error: Marshall forgot their homework. The pronoun "their" is referring to the homework of Marshall. Because Marshall is one person and "their" is a plural pronoun, this sentence has a pronoun agreement error. Here is the corrected version of this sentence: Marshall forgot his homework. Real ACT Example In this sentence, the plural pronoun "them" refers to the Navajo language, which is singular. The pronoun "it" at the end of the sentence also indicates that the underlined pronoun should be in the singular form. The correct answer is C.Answer choice B is wrong because it has a subject-verb agreement error. #10: Use Apostrophes Correctly to Form Possessives There are almost always a couple of apostrophe questions on the ACT. If you know apostrophe rules, these questions should be relatively simple. If a word is singular or plural and does not end in "s," you add an "s" after the apostrophe to make it possessive.Here are a couple of examples: I am the peopleââ¬â¢s champion. Joeââ¬â¢s career isnââ¬â¢t going very well. To create a possessive for a plural word that ends in "s," just add an apostrophe after the "s." Here is an example of this: The traditionalist thought that all of the basketball playersââ¬â¢ shorts were too long. Actual ACT Example This sentence is referring to the age of one person; therefore, the correct version of the possessive pronoun is "personââ¬â¢s."The correct answer is A.Answer choice D is wrong because a comma canââ¬â¢t come between a subject and a verb. #11: Colons Must Come After a Complete Sentence Colons are usually used to introduce lists or explanations.The key rule for colons is that they must come after a complete sentence. So if you were to end the sentence where the colon is placed, the sentence should make sense and be a complete thought.Here is an example: Incorrect: Sabrina needs to purchase a few items for her project like: construction paper, paint, and glitter. Correct: Sabrina needs to purchase a few items for her project: construction paper, paint, and glitter. The first sentence is incorrect because the part of the sentence that comes before the colon isnââ¬â¢t a complete thought. Actual ACT Example In this sentence, the colon is unnecessary and improperly placed. The part before the colon isnââ¬â¢t a complete thought. In answer choices H and J, the commas are unnecessary. The correct answer is therefore answer choice G. #12: Semicolons Separate Two Complete Thoughts Semicolons are like periods; they separate two independent clauses.As a result, you should be able to replace any semicolon with a period. On ACT English, you might find a randomly placed semicolon or need to replace a comma with a semicolon in order to fix a comma splice.Here are two example sentences with semicolons used both correctly and incorrectly: Incorrect: Because Dave wanted an adrenaline rush; he decided to go skydiving. Correct: Dave wanted an adrenaline rush; he decided to go skydiving. The second sentence is correct because the clauses on both sides of the semicolon are independent and could stand alone as sentences. Actual ACT Example Here, the semicolon is just randomly placed after the verb "are"; there is no independent clause on either side of the semicolon. Since no punctuation is necessary after "are," the correct answer is answer choice C. #13: Use the Correct Relative Pronoun The ACT likes to test your knowledge of relative pronouns. There are two specific relative pronoun rules that are important to know for ACT English. Relative Pronouns Must Agree With Their Antecedents Here are what different relative pronouns can be used to refer to: who and whom - people only when - specific times or time periods only where - places only which- any noun other than a person that- any noun whose- possessive that can be used for people or things In many situations, more than one relative pronoun can work. However, in other situations, only one will be acceptable. Here's an example of a relative pronoun error: Incorrect: I love going to restaurants in whichI can get unlimited breadsticks. Correct: I love going to restaurants where I can get unlimited breadsticks. The relative pronoun here is referring to "restaurants"- a location- so "where" is more concise and appropriate. Breadsticks! (apasciuto/Flickr) Here is another example: Incorrect: Johnny enjoys books where he gets to choose his own adventure. Correct: Johnny enjoys books in which he gets to choose his own adventure. A book isnââ¬â¢t a location; therefore, "where" is the incorrect relative pronoun. Media, including books, movies, and articles, should be modified with "in which." Who vs Whom You might have no idea when to use "who" or "whom," but the rule isnââ¬â¢t actually that complicated. Basically, "who" is used as a subject and "whom" is used as an object.A subject does an action or is being described, whereas an object has something done to it. An object can be an object of a verb or preposition. Take a look at our article on pronoun case for more information about subject case vs object case. Now, let's take a look at a couple of examples. First, here is an example sentence using the relative pronoun "who": James, who is my friend, lives in Oklahoma City. In this sentence, "who" is being used correctly. The word "who" is modifying James, and he is my friend. Next, here's an example sentence that uses the relative pronoun "whom": My aunt, from whom I got this jacket, is a very interesting woman. In this sentence, "whom" is also being used correctly. The word "whom" modifies my aunt; I got the jacket from her. You should be able to substitute he/she/they for "who" and him/her/them for "whom." Also, always use "who" before a verb and "whom" after a preposition. Actual ACT Example Remember that "where" can only be used to modify a location. Because storytellers are people, "where" is incorrect.Now, letââ¬â¢s find the right answer. Answer choice D is wrong because the "they" after "that" is unnecessary. Additionally, since the relative pronoun comes before a verb, you canââ¬â¢t use "whom." This means thatthe correct answer is B.The word "who" modifies the storytellers who are doing the action. #14: Subjects and Verbs Must Agree Subjects and verbs must agree, meaning that you must use the singular form of a verb with a singular subject and the plural form of a verb with a plural subject.Take a look at these example sentences: Incorrect: Rock stars likes to entertain adoring fans. Correct: Rock stars like to entertain adoring fans. The King! If the verb is in the present tense and the subject is in the third person (he/she/it/they), the verb usually ends in "s" in the singular form and does not in the plural form.In the example above, the subject is "rock stars," which is plural; therefore, the verb "like" should also be in the plural form ("like" instead of "likes"). On the ACT, subject-verb agreement questions can be even more difficult if there is a phrase that separates the subject from the verb. Here's an example of this: Incorrect: The clothes in my bedroom is in my closet. Correct: The clothes in my bedroom are in my closet. The subject of the sentence is "clothes," which is plural, so the verb should be in the plural form. However, the prepositional phrase "in my bedroom" separates the subject from the verb. If a verb is underlined, make sure you identify the subject that corresponds with the verb to ensure that the subject and verb agree with each other. Also, keep in mind that a subject can never be contained in a prepositional phrase. Actual ACT Example This is a relatively basic subject-verb agreement question. Looking atthe previous sentence, we know that the verb should be in the present tense, so G and H are wrong. The subject of this sentence is "molecules," which is plural. Therefore, we should use the plural form of the verb "bump." The correct answer is J. Other Grammar Rules on ACT English While the rules I explained above are the most often tested on ACT English, there are some other grammar rules that will be tested as well. Here are the links to our other articles that explain the remaining grammatical rules you'll need to know for the ACT: Parallelism Run-on Sentences and Fragments Adjectives vs Adverbs Punctuation Commas The Complete Guide to ACT Grammar Rules What's Next? Now that you're comfortable with the grammar rules on ACT English, make sure you know about style and organization questions. These include questions dealing withadd and delete options, author's main goals, transitions, and macro logic. In addition, we recommend masteringthe five critical concepts you must understand to be able to ace ACT English. Finally, to excel on the ACT English section, you'll need to determine the best approach for reading passages. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today: Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-4064508612988797172020-03-03T09:00:00.001-08:002020-03-03T09:00:03.558-08:00Deprecate vs. DepreciateDeprecate vs. Depreciate Deprecate vs. Depreciate Deprecate vs. Depreciate By Sharon Only one letter separates these two words, but theres considerable difference in meaning. The word deprecate means to express disapproval of something. A synonym for deprecate in this context is to deplore. Example: He deprecated his sisters actions. This means that he did not approve of his sisters actions. The word depreciate means to belittle or play down. Example: He depreciated his sisters achievements. This means that he behaved as if his sisters achievements were insignificant. Depreciate also means to decrease in value. If youve ever owned a car, then youll know that every year it is worth less than the previous year. In other words, it has depreciated. The noun is depreciation, which is very common business and financial term. Quotations from the press: For most used-car buyers it would be a dream come true: Your car actually gains in value, instead of depreciating. When Kelley Blue Book looked at depreciation of used cars from May 24 to the same day last year, it found 23 examples of used cars that had gained in value during that time. (USA Today) It is easy enough to deprecate Mahlers Third. It is inordinately longclose to two hours. It repeats ideas endlessly; much of the music could easily be exchanged with that of other Mahler symphonies; the idiom is pure Mahler with little variation from previous compositions; long stretches are unrelievedly banal. LA Times Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Great Similes from Literature to Inspire You7 Tips for Writing a Film Review50 Synonyms for ââ¬Å"Villainâ⬠Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-25838482128805062622020-02-16T00:26:00.001-08:002020-02-16T00:26:02.848-08:00Early college high school for African American males DissertationEarly college high school for African American males - Dissertation Example In 1954 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that public schools that segregated Whites from Blacks were unconstitutional, and that schools that included different races helped to promote educational equality. Kozol (1991), however, found that even forty years later, racial segregation continued largely unchanged in various urban schools acrosst the country. The nationââ¬â¢s largest school districts remained 95-99% non-White, and Black students in poor families still recorded significantly lower scores on tests of academic performance than Whites in middle and high-income families (Knaus, 2007). Thus, despite the Supreme Courtââ¬â¢s ruling and the federal governmentââ¬â¢s assistance of hundreds of millions of dollars to improve academic performance among Black students in public schools, school achievement remained unchanged (Noguera, 2008). Thus, achievement was unaffected by programs funded by the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), Title 1 programs of the United States Department of Education, Head Start, Success for All, and Accelerated Schools. African Americansââ¬â¢s schools were often inadequate as compared to schools for exclusively White students (Knaus, 2007). Researchers (Bell, 2009; Ladson-Billings, 2004) who have studied and made recommendations about education among African Americans and school segregation have also described how segregated schools continue to lack academically rigorous curricula to promote cognitive growth and development that Black students require to succeed in school. Other researchers have presented the difficulties Black students have faced when transitioning from segregated public schools into an integrated environment and the subsequent performance gap that has existed since the mid-1900s (Valien, Taeuber, Glick et al., 1970). There is an increasing gender difference in graduation rates across the United States. ââ¬Å"The difference exists across racial subgroups and is widest between African American girls and boysâ⬠(Chadwell, 2009, p.9). In the entire United States, as compared to any other group in American society, Black males are the most likely to be punished, most frequently through some form of exclusion, are labeled, categorized for special education even when there is absence of disability, and are the most liable to experience academic failure. Gender Differences in the Ways Males and Females Learn According to physician and psychologist, Leonard Sax (2007), the gender issue is relevant to classroom learning in several ways. In the United States there is increasing prevalence of boys expressing their disdain for school ââ¬Å"saying that school is stupid and they do not like to readâ⬠(Sax, 2007, p.40). This approach is found to cut across all demographic groups, affecting both affluent white boys in the suburbs and black boys in low-income neighborhoods. Sax Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-88591540680578955582020-02-02T14:32:00.001-08:002020-02-02T14:32:02.322-08:00Persuasive presentation Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsPersuasive presentation Speech - Essay Example generates 160 million tons of trash, in particular, the legally dumped garbage. This amount of garbage constitutes adequate metal that may be used to fabricate two million automobiles; paper that can publish Americaââ¬â¢s daily newspapers; wood that can build a million homes; and bulk aluminum sufficient for rebuilding American air fleet a couple of times. It is apparent that the American population is drowning in Trash. Americans have a responsibility to counter the current trends by recycling the trash; otherwise, there will be no tomorrow for us. As such, recycling is the most appropriate method for tackling the problem. A. Recycling concept fits appropriately in the current waste situation in U.S. as well as other parts of the world. The perceived recycling attempts are yet to achieve the requisite standards. Peopleââ¬â¢s misconceptions about the process such as recycling being time consuming as well as a bother are some of the reasons why Americans lag behind in recycling their wastes (Saddleback Educational Publishing 5). C. The negative effects of landfills to the environment are attributable not only to their closure but also to implementation of recycling as an appropriate alternative. It is apparent that landfills result in serious water and air pollution (Griff 2). E. Recycling contributes to reduction of pollution, and saves energy. Several countries, including Japan are enjoying substantial benefits relating to cost-effectiveness and reduced energy consumption, by recycling their waste. It appears that recycling is turning out to be the next big thing internationally. Different institutions and the public are increasingly adopting recycling as an alternative method of disposing waste or trash. Recycling household commodities is considerably easy and requires little time. It is the responsibility for all to promote environment sustainability. As noted, disposal of waste in landfills is detrimental to the environment; therefore, it is important to Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-25177194758677497422020-01-25T10:55:00.001-08:002020-01-25T10:55:04.269-08:00Operating Theatre Practice Reflective AssessmentOperating Theatre Practice Reflective Assessment Activity 1 Register nurses who work in the operation theatre where they are trained to care patient before, during and after surgery. There they gain both classroom learning and hands on experience. Strengths: ââ¬Å"Strengths-based learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills by applying what makes you strong. Put simply, it is new learning that builds on past success.â⬠(Dunedin, 1960) There is strength that is available in my private hospital such as the library, it is to provide better understanding example as Berry and Khons books. The staff or student to get will be able to get information regarding the surgical field. Question and answer are also given by the nurse instructor regarding what procedure is done by the student or staff. Each week every staff has their own date given by the nurse manager to do presentation. Presentation can be done any topic regarding the surgical field. Internet access is also available to acknowledge staff or student to find out information. Staffs are also been sent for fire safety program and advance cardiovascular life support to be able to perform during emergency. Challengers: In every job there are challengers that will give us experience to procedure further. Moreover, in my department as well there is a popular reason of staff shortage. It will be difficult for the any staff to go for training due to no replacement. Too many new learners will also increase the stress level to the mentor because she or he could not handle by observing each student and more mistakes will be done by the student example during the surgical field even though the student or staff are been though to perform swab count but due to lack of supervision mistake may occur. Working long hours in the operation will lead to stress and tiredness to the staff due to dragging of cases. Next day the particular staff couldnââ¬â¢t perform well and more error will occur example medication error during general anaesthesia. There are also some of the surgeon will complain about the staff performance to the nurse manager this will prevent the staff to be assign with the particular surgeon aga in by the nurse manage end up the staff finally couldnââ¬â¢t learn the way of the surgeon operate. During the school holidays there will be increase number of cases in this period most of the staff and student will have though time to perform their theory session only rushing to finish the cases, end up no improvement in knowledge. Opportunities: The main opportunities working in the operation theatre is the willingness for the staff and surgeon to except the particular person with the way she or he perform their duties. There are the learning methods that are available such as the internet and library. Log books are provided for the new staffs to make sure they are able to learnt each skill during the probation period. By practicing they will learn faster other than only memorizing, and observing but this actually also depending individually. Barrier: There are the barrier between the staff and the working environment, depending on the staff. Some person will encounter difficult in communication in understanding their task given due to different language. If proper orientation is not given to the new staff they will be lack of confident in performing their duties. Teamwork can also lead to barrier example how the person getting along with each other to achieve goal to improve the quality of life and the outcome. Mentor is also a very important person in the practice area to organize and coordinate student learning, supervising student and providing feedback if they are lack of knowledge the junior staff will not be guided in a proper way to provide good service to the patient. Activity 2 My main strengths As a professional in practice: I have been working the private hospital since year 2008.I has completed my operation theatre practice and diploma in nursing sponsor by the private hospital. I have also done my fire safety program, advance cardiovascular life support and standard people practice course. I am also trained in the central sterile supply department, catheterization lab, general anaesthesia, circulating and also scrubbing. Area for improvement and action plan: I would like to improve in my scrubbing area to do better in the orthopaedic cases and neurologic cases because usually for this cases special instrument and machine are required. For the orthopaedic case mostly screws, plating and on loan instruments will be use from other company such as Johnson and Johnson or Stryker depending on type of surgery. Moreover, for the neurologic cases different machine are use example selector which is to suck the tumour from intracranial. The instruments that are used are tumour forceps, brain retractor or dora retractor. Action plan: I have to scrub neurologic and orthopaedic cases more often. I also must do note book and prepare presentation to be presented with other staffs to exchange idea and knowledge.I can also ask for the instrument broacher from each company so I will be more familiar with the instrument and able to handle in future. As a learner: As a learner there have been dreams for me to increase my knowledge and experience. I would strictly love to continue my degree in nursing because education is the most useful thing to the people, especially as a result of complex nature of the day. After completing degree I will happily go forward to continue my master in nursing. I also would like to go for the AO trauma course to be more familiar with the types of fracture. Areas for development and action plan: I would like to increase my education level because education is important to national development in that it allows to further progress in the nation. Education promotes better ideas for management and experience. I would also like to more into the management site. The AO trauma is important to make sure I am able to manage fracture and also will be trained in the techniques for management of common fracture .In my action plan I must first apply degree in a university which the program has been approved by the Ministry of Health and Malaysia Nursing Board and also an affordable price. Which currently I am studying and happy with it, I would also like to continue my master here. For the trauma course that I wanted to attend I must apply though internet and inform my nurse manager about it once the application is open I can go it is only for 3 days course. As a mentor or educator in practice: As a mentor having a interpersonal and professional working relationship to support the learning environment. Organizing and coordinating the learning activities by supervising the student or new comers. Assessing the studentââ¬â¢s skill, attitudes and behaviour enable me to provide the evidence of achievement. Areas of development and action plan: Coaching involves regular discussion between the mentor and mentee to improve their performance example develop a plan to improve the employee skill and knowledge. Counselling is a discussion to help the mentee to sort out problems. Teaching with revolves soft skills which can be build such as focus on communication skills, interpersonal skills ,problem solving and professionalism. Show them why they should develop a career plan and help them see their future role in the organization Activity 3 I am working in one of the private hospital more than 2 years, I am trained in the operation theatre and also completed my certificate as a trained theatre technician. My hospital is a place to learn and practice all the facilities of learning are available and practical there is superb but there are also areas of improvement .When I was a junior I had an experience that I learn from it. It was a spine endoscopic surgery which was done by a new surgeon, assisted by a junior staff nurse, this surgery was a new procedure in our place using scope for disectomy. The junior staff did very well , the surgery went smooth and at the end when the skin already stitch then the scrub nurse noticed that one of the patties is missing when the patient was already on the trolley extubated, on the way to recovery. The junior nurse got scared and immediately she informed the surgeon. Once again the patient was push back in to the operation room, incubated the patient and he reopen the surgery site, th ere was patties retain in the patient. This was a major mistake because final count was not done before closing and this is considered as a medical error. From the experience above, I would like to reflect upon three areas for improvement using the Gibbs Model of Reflection. At that time, I felt that the induction program was not done properly because the scrub nurse didnââ¬â¢t count the patties. It was a bad experience for the staff because it was her first time doing Endoscopic Disectomy. On the other hand, this experience also though her about the important of proper patties count. At the situation the scrub nurse was so nervous and anxious because was her first time scrubbing with a new surgeon. In my view, I decently think that the induction program that usually done only for 2 months should be increase to at less 4 months to make sure the new comers absorb the input and also know the important of counting the swab or patties before, during and before closing the skin to prevent retain of foreign body. The scrub nurse was also new staffs who were left all alone with no supervision. It was very unfair for the nurse manager to do such an assignment with no any senior staff. From the positive site, the staff is trained to be alone to build her confident level and the negative site without supervision error happens which is also unfair to the patient. To prevent any error in future the nurse manager must assign senior staffs who are able to bring a new staffs and guide in a proper manner. Furthermore, I also suggested the nurse manager to prepare a competency checklist because the staff was not given any chance but immediately inform to scrub for the case. She was also new staff afraid the nurse manager would get angry if she refused it. From this experience, everyone and even I realized that if the staff was done a competency checklist by her mentor or senior staff, we can identify which area she is weak and does she knows the important of patties count. In future I hope this incident will never occur again, during the investigation was done towards the junior nurse no senior or even the nurse manager stood by her. Everyone was just blaming the junior staff from that situation I did the analysis where the mistake happened. I even suggested to the nurse manager for improvement of these three areas before we could blame the junior staff but finally she was sent to the recovery area and no more scrubbing again. am I.I also felt that the nurse manager was so unfair to us for not giving us any senior staff. I also felt miserable because i didnââ¬â¢t remind her about the count and even didnââ¬â¢t perform the patties checklist.There was also no Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-50571975915145175502020-01-17T07:18:00.001-08:002020-01-17T07:18:03.547-08:00Fdi Inindia Ananalysis on Theimpact of Fdi in Indias Retail Sector-FDI in India: An analysis on the impact of FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s Retail sector Submitted By: Subhajit Ray Department of Humanities and Social Sciences IIT Kharagpur Kharagpur-721302 1 Introduction: Initially the Indian policy makers were quite apprehensive about the flow of foreign capital into the economy. This can be attributed to the colonial past which saw large investments being made by their colonial rulers in the form of major infrastructure instruments like railways but only to make huge gains for themselves and sucking the host country of its resources.But currently the global economy has been witnessing an incessant form of economic growth characterized by the flow of capital from the developed world to the developing countries. During the 1990s Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) became the single largest source of external finance for the developing countries. When faced with an economic crisis during the same period the Indian policy makers had to open up the Indian market a nd accordingly India has been seeing a consistent increase in FDI inflows.Indian economy has been showing high growth rates in the post liberalization era. In the last fiscal year according to the Planning commissionââ¬â¢s data the Indian economy recorded a growth rate of 8. 6% and 8% in the year before. This is reason enough to call it a high performing economy. All Multi National Enterprises (MNEs) have been eyeing the Indian market ever since they have opened up. The policy makers have been vigorously pursuing the reforms program as they believe that high growth has been the resultant of economic liberalization.FDI has been seen as a dominant determinant to achieve high rate of economic growth because of the ease with which it can bring in scarce capital, triggers technology transfer and enhances the efficiency by increasing the competitiveness of the market. Also FDI as a form of policy instrument to raise capital is usually preferred over other forms of external finance beca use they are non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on the performance of the projects financed by the investors.FDI is successful in human capital formation, increases total factor productivity and efficiency of resource use. But such benefits are highly dependent on the policies of the host government. It is furthermore described as a source of economic development, modernization, and employment generation. Several factors both political and apolitical have led to a greater acceptance of FDI. The envisioned role of FDI has evolved from that of a tool to solve the crisis under the license raj system to that of a modernizing force of the Indian economy.In support of their endeavor the policy makers have often cited the example of the Chinese experience of achieving high growth rate through foreign direct investment. India has opened up its economy and allowed MNEs in the core sectors such as Power and Fuels, Electrical Equipments, Transport, Chemicals, Food Process ing, 2 Metallurgical, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, Textiles, and Industrial Machinery as a part of reform process started in the beginning of 1990s. Currently FDI is also permissible in the Telecommunications, Banking, Insurance and IT sector. Currently there is huge debate going on about allowing FDI in retail.This paper aims to discuss the critical aspects of FDI in India, present a case study on the success of reforms in the telecommunications sector, analyze both sides of the arguments currently going on regarding FDI in retail and conclude with suggestive measures on the part of the government which can eliminate the negative effects of allowing FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s retail sector. Assessing the impact of FDI on host economy- a review of various economic literatures: FDI inflow into the core sectors is assumed to play a vital role as a source of capital management and technology in countries of transition economies.It implies that FDI can have positive effects on a host economyâ â¬â¢s development effort (Caves, 1974; Kokko, 1994; Markusen, 1995; Carves, 1996; Sahoo, Mathiyazhagan and Parida 2001). It has been argued that FDI can bring the technological diffusion to the sectors through knowledge spillover and enhances a faster rate of growth of output via increased labour productivity. There have been a lot of empirical studies to assess the impact of FDI in developing economies and the results to this date have been found to be mixed.Many reports have questioned the positive effects of the FDI inflow in the host country. Some studies done earlier had found that FDI has a negative impact on the growth of the developing countries (Singer,1950; Griffin, 1970; Weisskof, 1972). Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) in the name of FDI may drive out the local firms because of their oligopolistic power, and also, the repatriation of profit may drain out the capital of the host country. The main argument in this regard was that the main component of FDI in less develop ing countries was in the primary sector.Then these primary products were exported to the developed nations and processed for import back to the developing nations and thus resulted in the host nations receiving a lesser value for their resources. Hanson (2001) argues that evidence that FDI generates positive spillovers for host countries is weak. In a review of micro data on spillovers from foreign-owned to domestically owned firms Gorg and Greenwood (2002) conclude that the effects are mostly negative. Lipsey (2002) takes a more favorable view from reviewing the micro literature which argues that there is evidence of positive effect.He also argues that there is need for more consideration of the different circumstances that obstruct or promote positive spillovers. Rodan (1961), Chenery and Strout (1966) in the early 1960s argued that foreign capital inflows have a favorable effect on the economic efficiency and growth towards the developing countries. It has been explained that FDI could have a favorable short-term effect on growth as it expands the economic activity. However, in the long run it reduces the growth rate due to dependency, particularly due to ââ¬Å"decapitalizationâ⬠(Bornschier, 1980).This is due to the reason that the foreign investors repatriate their investment by contracting the economic activities in the long run. FDI is an important vehicle for the 3 transfer of technology and knowledge and it demonstrates that it can have a long run effect on growth by generating increasing return in production via positive externalities and productive spillovers. Thus, FDI can lead to a higher growth by incorporating new inputs and techniques (Feenstra and Markusen, 1994). Aitken, et al. 1997) showed the external effect of FDI on export with example of Bangladesh, where the entry of a single Korean Multinational in garment exports led to the establishment of a number of domestic export firms, creating the countryââ¬â¢s largest export industry. Hu and Khan (1997) attribute the spectacular growth rate of Chinese economy during 1952 to 1994 to the productivity gains largely due to market oriented reforms, especially the expansion of the non-state sector, as well as Chinaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"open-doorâ⬠policy, which brought about a dramatic expansion in foreign trade and FDI.A study by Xu (2000) found a strong evidence of technology diffusion from U. S. MNEs affiliated in developed countries (DCs) but weak evidence of such diffusion in the less developed countries (LDCs). It concluded that in order to benefit from the technology transfer by the MNEs a country needs to achieve a basic minimum human capital threshold. A recent study by Banga (2005) demonstrates that FDI, trade and technological progress have differential impact on wages and employment.While higher extent of FDI in an industry leads to higher wage rate in the industry, it has no impact on its employment. On the other hand, higher export intensity of an indust ry increases employment in the industry but has no effect on its wage rate. Technological progress is found to be labor saving but does not influence the wage rate. Further, the results show that domestic innovation in terms of research and development intensity has been labor utilizing in nature but import of technology has unfavorably affected employment in India.The study by Sharma (2000) concluded that FDI does not have a statistically significant role in the export promotion in Indian Economy. This result is also confirmed by the study of Pailwar (2001) and the study also argues that the foreign firms are more interested in the large Indian market rather than aiming for the global market. The study by Sahoo and Mathiyazhagan (2003) also support the view that FDI in India is not able to enhance the growth of the economy.Though there is a common consensus among all the studies in the Indian context that FDI is not growth stimulant rather it is growth resultant. A study by Dr Maat hai K. Mathiyazhagan(2005) demonstrate that the flow of FDI into the sectors has helped to raise the output, labour productivity and export in some sectors but a better role of FDI at the sectoral level is still expected. Results also reveal that there is no significant co-integrating relationship among the variables like FDI, Growth rate of output, Export and Labour Productivity in core sectors of the economy.This implies that when there is an increase in the output, export or labour productivity of the sectors it is not due to the advent of FDI. Thus, it could be concluded that the advent of FDI has not helped to wield a positive impact on the Indian economy at the sectoral level. Thus, in the eve of India's plan for further opening up of the economy, it is advisable to open up the export oriented sectors so that a higher growth of the economy could be achieved through the growth of these sectors. 4 Foreign Direct Investment policy of India:Foreign direct investment policy of the government of India has been gradually liberalized. As early as in the year 1948 and 1956 (two industrial policy resolutions) government policy clearly reflected the need to supplement foreign capital and technology for rapid economic growth. The core objective of the foreign capital policy was that the control of industrial undertaking should remain in the Indian hands. However, the government had granted permission in certain cases for allowing establishment of exclusive foreign enterprises.Foreign capital was preferred in specific areas which bring in new technology and establish joint ventures with Indian partners. Government also granted tax concessions to foreign enterprises and streamlined industrial licensing procedures to accord early approvals for foreign collaborations. In the case of 100 per cent export of output, foreigners were allowed to establish industrial units. It needs to be noted here that under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) 1974 only upto 40 per ce nt of the equity holding of the foreign firms were permitted.Foreign investment was permitted under designated industries along with restrictions in terms of local content clauses, export obligations, promotion of R and prohibition by law the use of foreign brands (Hybrid domestic brands were promoted such as Ford Escort and Hero Honda). It needs to be pointed out here that the restrictions have been flouted frequently and relaxations were also granted. This process has culminated into gradual liberalization of government policy towards foreign capital.It is reflected in continuous increase in the number of approvals granted. During the period 19611971, the number of foreign collaborations approved was 2475 which were increased to 3041 during the period 1971-1980. There was dramatic increase in the foreign collaboration approvals during the period 1981-1990 (7436 collaborations were approved). This policy enabled to build domestic technological capability in many branches of industr y but generally considered very restrictive.It has been widely accepted that protection of domestic industry for a longer period of time resulted into high cost production structure along with poor quality. Foreign direct investment policy announced by the government of India in July 1991 was regarded as a dramatic departure from the earlier restrictive and discretionary policy towards foreign capital. The FDI policy of 1991 proposed to achieve objective of efficient and competitive world class Indian industry. Foreign investment was seen as a source of scarce resource, technology and managerial and marketing skills.The major feature of policy regarding foreign investment up to 51 per cent of equity holding was permitted too. Automatic approvals were also allowed to foreign investment up to 51 per cent equity in 34 industries as well as to foreign technology agreements in high 5 priority industries. The Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to speedily process applica tions for approvals of the cases which were not covered under the automatic route. Laws were amended to provide foreign firms the equivalent status as the domestic ones.Government of India, however, put in place the regulatory mechanism to repatriate payments of dividends through Reserve Bank of India so that outflows are balanced through export earnings during stipulated period of time. Further liberalization measures with regard to foreign investment were taken during 1992-93. The dividend balance conditions were revoked except in the case of consumer goods industries. Non Resident Indian (NRI) and Overseas Corporate Bodies (OCB) were permitted in high priority industries to invest up to 100 per cent equity along with repatriation of capital and income.Apart from expansion of the area of operation for FDI in many new economic activities, the existing companies were also allowed to increase equity participation up to 51 per cent along with disinvestment of equity. Foreign direct in vestment policy has been changed frequently since 1991 to make it more transparent and attractive to the foreign investors. FDI up to 100 per cent is allowed under automatic route for all sectors/activities except activities that attract industrial licensing, proposals where foreign investors had an xisting joint venture in same field, proposals for acquisition of shares in an existing Indian company in the financial sector and those activities where automatic route is not available. The only sectors/activities where FDI is not permitted are agriculture and plantations excluding tea plantations, real estate business (excluding development of townships, housing, built up infrastructure and construction development projects-NRI/OCB investment is allowed for the real estate business), retail trade, lottery, security services and atomic energy.Government has simplified procedure, rules and regulations on a regular basis since 1991 to make Indian economic environment foreign investor fri endly. Attempt has been made through FDI policy to make India the hub of global foreign direct investment as well as in economic activities. Trend and Dimension of FDI inflow in India: The dimensions of the FDI flows into India could be explained in terms of its growth and size, sources and sectoral compositions. The growth of FDI inflows in India was not significant until 1991 due to the regulatory policy framework.It could be observed that there has been a steady build up in the actual FDI inflows in the post-liberalization period (Figures 1. 1 and 1. 2). Actual inflows have steadily increased from US $ 143. 6 million in 1991 to US $ 37763 million in 2010. This results in an annual average growth rate close to 6 per cent. However, the pace of FDI inflows to India has definitely been slower than some of the smaller developing countries like Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam.In fact, India had registered a declining trend of FDI inflows and the FDI- GDP ratio especially in 1 998 and 2003 could be attributed to many factors, including the US sanctions imposed in the aftermath of the nuclear tests, the East Asian meltdown and the perceived Swadeshi image different political parties, which was 6 ruling government during this period in India. It is also important to note that the financial collaboration has out numbered the technical collaboration over the years. But since 2006 India has seen a remarkably higher growth of FDI in accordance with the general trends of the global conomy with a slight dip in the year 2009-2010. This can be attributed to the recessionary situation in the global economy. In recent years, Indiaââ¬â¢s share in the global FDI inflows has increased substantially. Year wise FDI inflow in the post reforms era (1990-2001) 1999-2000 2439 1998-1999 1997-1998 1996-1997 FDI 1995-1996 1994-1995 1993-1994 1992-1993 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 US $ MILLIONS Figure 1. 1 Year 1992-93 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 FDI 393 6 54 1374 2141 2770 3682 3083 2439 7 However, China receives a greater percent of global FDI inflows.Indiaââ¬â¢s effort have not yet realized in comparison to the changes which has been made in the FDI policy. Year wise revised FDI inflow since 2000-2001 with expended coverage to approach International Best Practices. 2009-2010 2008-2009 2007-2008 2006-2007 2005-2006 FDI 2004-2005 2003-2004 2002-2003 2001-2002 2000-2001 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 US $ MILLIONS Table 1. 2 Year 200001 200102 200203 200304 200405 200506 200607 200708 200809 200910 FDI 4029 6130 5035 4322 6051 8961 22826 34835 37838 37763 Capital goods sector has more or less been bypassed by FDI.This clearly points out the tendency of foreign investment to exploit the pent up domestic demand 8 for consumer durable goods. Further more, there is a gradual increase in the mergers and acquisitions during the 1990s which show a tendency of FDI inflows to acquire existing industrial assets and managerial control without actu ally engaging in new productive activities (Nagraj, 2006). Indiaââ¬â¢s large size of domestic market seems to have been the major attraction for foreign firms. SHARE OF TOP INVESTING COUNTRIES FDI EQUITY INFLOWS Others France Germany Cyprus Country Japan Netherlands U. K U. S. A. Singapore Mauritius 0 10 2 2 4 4 9 % 4 5 7 9 42 20 30 40 50 %age to total Inflows (in terms of US $) The analyses of the origin of FDI inflows to India show that the new policy has broadened the source of FDI into India. There were 86 countries in 2000 which increased to 106 countries in 2003 as compared to 29 countries in 1991 whose FDI was approved by the Indian Government. The country-wise analysis of the FDI inflows shows that Mauritius, which was not in the picture till 1992, is the highest contributor of FDI to India. A major share of such investment is represented by the holding companies of Mauritius set up by the US firms.It means that the investment flowing from the tax havens is mainly the inv estment of the multinational corporations headquartered in other countries. Now an 9 important question arises as to why the US companies have routed their investment through Mauritius. It is because, firstly, the US companies have positioned their funds in Mauritius, which they like to invest elsewhere. Secondly, because the tax treaty between Mauritius and India stipulates a dividend tax of five per cent, while the treaty between Indian and the US stipulated a dividend tax of 15 per cent (World Bank, 1999).Telecommunications Sector- A success story: Further narrowing of FDI in sub-sectors reveals the success story of the telecommunications sector. Research into Telecommunications furthers the haphazard nature of FDI investment and policy making. The current process for FDI in telecommunications can be attributed to two policies that were undertaken by the government: National Telecom Policy of 1994 and New Telecom Policy of 1999. Before the economic reforms ââ¬Ëteledensityâ⬠⢠was low, infrastructure growth was slow, and the lack of reforms restricted investments and adoption of new technologies.The existing legislative and regulatory environment needed major changes to facilitate growth in the sector. It was 1991 when the programme was undertaken to expand and upgrade Indiaââ¬â¢s vast telecom network. The programme included: complete freedom of telecom equipment manufacturing, privatisation of services, liberal foreign investment and new regulation in technology imports. Simultaneously, the government-managed Department of Telecommunications (DoT) was restructured to remove its monopoly status as the service provider.The government programme was formalised on a telecom policy statement called National Telecom Policy 1994 on 12 May 1994. However the 1994 policy was not sufficient to make the Indiaââ¬â¢s telecommunications sector fully open and liberalised. The incumbent monopoly (DoT) was indifferent in implementing the national telecom policy e ffectively due to its lack of commitment. This paved the way for designing a new policy framework for telecommunications which was called the New Telecom Policy 1999. The New Telecom Policy 1999 (NTP99) was developed after the reform process began in 1991.The interest of the government led to the new policy. As a result in addition to the sectoral caps, the government policy played a major role in the liberalization of the telecom sector. As a result a large number of private operators started operating in the basic/mobile telephony and Internet domains. Teledensity has increased, mobile telephony has established a large base, the number of Internet users has seen a steep growth, and large bandwidth has been made available for software exports and IT-enabled services, and the tariffs for international and domestic links have seen significant reductions.Total FDI in Telecommunications sector is over US $ 15 billion. The takeover of Hutch by Vodafone is one of the largest FDI deals fo r an amount of US $ 11 billion. Tariff 10 rates are the lowest in the whole world and there are more than 250 million users. The Retail sector in India: The retail industry in India is one of the fastest growing. Even without FDI driving it, the corporate owned retail sector is expanding at a furious rate. AT Kearney, the well-known international management consultancy, recently identified India as the ââ¬Ësecond most attractive retail destinationââ¬â¢ globally from among thirty emergent markets.It has made India the cause of a good deal of excitement and the cynosure of many foreign eyes. With a contribution of 14% to the national GDP and employing 7% of the total workforce (only agriculture employs more) in the country, the retail industry is definitely one of the pillars of the Indian economy. . Trade or retailing is the single largest component of the services sector in terms of contribution to GDP. Its massive share of 14% is double the figure of the next largest broad ec onomic activity in the sector.The retail industry is divided into organised and unorganised sectors. Organised retailing refers to trading activities undertaken by licensed retailers, that is, those who are registered for sales tax, income tax, etc. These include the corporate-backed hypermarkets and retail chains, and also the privately owned large retail businesses. Unorganised retailing, on the other hand, refers to the traditional formats of low-cost retailing, for example, the local kirana shops, owner manned general stores, paan/beedi shops, convenience stores, hand cart and pavement vendors, etc.A simple glance at the employment numbers is enough to paint a good picture of the relative sizes of these two forms of trade in India ââ¬â organised trade employs roughly 5 lakh people whereas the unorganized retail trade employs nearly 3. 95 crores. Given the recent numbers indicated by other studies, this is only indicative of the magnitude of expansion the retail trade is expe riencing, both due to economic expansion as well as the ââ¬Ëjobless growthââ¬â¢ that we have seen in the past decade.It must be noted that even within the organised sector, the number of individually-owned retail outlets far outnumber the corporate-backed institutions. Though these numbers translate to approximately 8% of the workforce in the country (half the normal share in developed countries) there are far more retailers in India than other countries in absolute numbers, because of the demographic profile and the preponderance of youth, Indiaââ¬â¢s workforce is proportionately much larger. That about 4% of Indiaââ¬â¢s population is in the retail trade says a lot about how vital this business is to the socio-economic equilibrium in India. 1 Arguments against adoption of FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s Retail sector: FDI driven modern retailing is labour displacing to the extent that it can only expand by destroying the traditional retail sector. Till such time we are in a posit ion to create jobs on a large scale in manufacturing, it would make eminent sense that any policy that results in the elimination of jobs in the unorganised retail sector should be kept on hold. Studies suggest that about 5 crore jobs will be lost and only 20 lakhs new jobs will be created.With their incredibly high capital FDI driven retailing units such as Wal-Mart will be able to sustain losses for many years till its immediate competition is wiped out. This is a normal predatory strategy used by large players to drive out small and dispersed competition. This entails job losses by the millions. Even the organised retail sector may face serious problems and may eventually be wiped out. The FDI driven retail units will typically sell everything, from vegetables to the latest electronic gadgets, at extremely low prices that will most likely undercut those in nearby local stores selling similar goods.They would be more likely to source their raw materials from abroad, and procure go ods like vegetables and fruits directly from farmers at pre-ordained quantities and specifications. This means a foreign company will buy big from India and abroad and be able to sell low ââ¬â severely undercutting the small retailers. Once a monopoly situation is created this will then turn into buying low and selling high. Such re-orientation of sourcing of materials will completely disintegrate the already established supply chain.In time, the neighbouring traditional outlets are also likely to fold and perish, given the ââ¬Ëpredatoryââ¬â¢ pricing power that a foreign player is able to exert. As Nick Robbins wrote in the context of the East India Company, ââ¬Å"By controlling both ends of the chain, the company could buy cheap and sell dearâ⬠It is true that it is in the consumerââ¬â¢s best interest to obtain his goods and services at the lowest possible price. But this is a privilege for the individual consumer and it cannot, in any circumstance, override the responsibility of any society to provide economic security for its population.Clearly collective well-being must take precedence over individual benefits. The primary task of government in India is still to provide livelihoods and not create so called efficiencies of scale by creating redundancies. 12 Arguments in favour of adoption of FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s Retail sector: The main driver for adoption of Retail in India seems to be the recognition that the Indian economy faces serious supply-side constraints, particularly in the food-related retail chains. The government would like to improve back-end infrastructure, and ultimately reduce post-harvest losses and other wastage.There is also a general concern, highlighted by the persistence of food inflation, that intermediaries obtain a disproportionate share of value in this chain and farmers receive only 15% of the end consumer price. Now the farmers will be able to get a better price for their products. With easy credit availabilit y through foreign direct investment the situation of farmer suicides in India will improve. With foreign capital flowing into the economy the current inflationary situation will be tamed.One key point is that we must differentiate between the interests of consumers, who constitute our population of nearly 115 crore, from the interests of retailers, who may number near five crore. The larger supermarkets, which tend to become regional and national chains, can negotiate prices more aggressively with manufacturers of consumer goods and pass on the benefit to consumers. Undoubtedly, lower prices psychologically propel buyers to spend more than they otherwise would. The resulting growth in private consumption creates jobs. The tax collection of the government will improve as it is mpossible to tax the unorganised retail sector. The revenue collected by the government can be used for infrastructure development. Also India has had several retailers with deep pockets and access to skills. T hat they have not been able to swamp the domestic small retailer says something about consumer behaviour and small retailââ¬â¢s resilience. The argument that the advent of FDI and supermarkets will displace a large number of kirana shops is similar to the argument used during the era of industrial licensing, which was meant to protect small-scale industries.But eventually the inefficiencies and quality standards of the protected small-scale companies become apparent even to socialist politicians and licensing was abolished. Even a modest chain of 200 supermarkets, to be set up all over India in selected towns and cities in the next three years, will require an investment of about Rs 2,000 crore (Rs 20 billion), at the rate of Rs 10 crore (Rs 100 million) per supermarket to cover the infrastructure and working capital. Each supermarket may take 2 or 3 years before it becomes profitable.There is a risk that a few of them may even fail. No Indian entrepreneur will be willing and abl e to commit this level of investment and undertake the risks involved. That is where the 13 international experience and skills that may come with FDI would provide the confidence and capital. Apart from this, by allowing FDI in retail trade, India will become more integrated with regional and global economies in terms of quality standards and consumer expectations. Supermarkets could source several consumer goods from India for wider international markets.India certainly has an advantage of being able to produce several categories of consumer goods, viz. fruits and vegetables, beverages, textiles and garments, gems and jewellery, and leather goods. The advent of FDI in retail sector is bound to pull up the quality standards and costcompetitiveness of Indian producers in all these segments. That will benefit not only the Indian consumer but also open the door for Indian products to enter the wider global market. Suggestive measures to eliminate the negative effects of FDI in Indiaâ â¬â¢sRetail sector: FDI in the retail sector should be accompanied by policy formulations that encourage the growth of manufacturing sector in India. A growing manufacturing sector can accommodate the people who will loose their jobs due to the adoption of retail in India. FDI should be aggressively promoted in case of relatively less sensitive sectors like entertainment, R etc. Moreover import duty should be imposed to protect domestic production units. Strict labour laws should be imposed to ensure that no management jobs are outsourced.The government should also ensure the local population gets competitive wages and the working environment is proper. Jobs should be reserved for the poor people. If the language of operation is English then it will act as a hindrance for job creation for the underprivileged people. Hence Hindi and local languages as a mode of operation should be encouraged. Cooperative societies should be formed for the farmers and other agricultural suppliers to take care of their rights and to ensure that they are getting a fair price from the FDI driven big retail units.Strict corporate governance should be ensured to prevent the acquisition of local business units by foreign firms and to promote investor friendly trade practices. The foreign retail units should be made to divest a certain percentage of their equity in the Indian financial markets. Only strict governance can ensure that the foreign firms adhere to competitive trade practices. Social infrastructure like schools, colleges and hospitals should be developed to promote human capital formation as several studies suggest that such initiatives could enhance the spillover effects of FDI.Furthermore it will help in creating 14 jobs in the high technology sectors and will put India in the global technology scenario. Social security should be ensured through different policy measures like pension plans, employment guarantee programmes and free health care. Strict environmental laws should be enforced to ensure that the foreign firms do not indulge in unsustainable trade practices. Conclusion: The growth rate of the Indian economy has been very high in the post reforms era.And hence India has become the cynosure of investment by foreign multinational enterprises. The relationship between FDI and other macro economic variables like growth rate, export, employment and productivity has been found to vary. It has been found that to gain a positive impact of technology spillovers via FDI the host country should achieve a basic minimum human capital threshold. Studies exist both in support and against the positive impact of FDI in the Indian economy. It is self conclusive that the growth of FDI in India is growth resultant and not growth stimulant.The positive impact of FDI has been felt in the high technology sectors like telecommunication and IT. The success story of the telecom sector is a real confidence booster in this regard. It is clearly visible that the MNEs are more interested in exploiting the Indian markets rather than investing in capital goods. The retail sector is one of the fastest growing sectors of India. It also employs a huge proportion of the population. Hence any measure regarding this sector such as approval of FDI in the Indian retail sector will have a gigantic impact on Indian economy.FDI in the Indian retail sector will work wonders in terms of controlling inflation, creating new jobs and increasing the efficiency and productivity of the Indian economy. But many believe that it may lead to wide scale unemployment, drainage of capital from the Indian economy and social inequity. Hence FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s retail sector should be accompanied by stringent policy measures on the part of the government so that the majority of the population can benefit from the positive spillover effects of FDI.Government should encourage FDI in the manufacturing sector along with the retail sector to compensate for the loss of jobs that will be created due to the advent of FDI in retail. Government should also build social infrastructure to enhance the human capital formation so that the positive spillover effects of FDI are greatly felt. 15 References â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ â⬠¢ FDI in Indiaââ¬â¢s Retail Sector More Bad than Good? By Mohan Guruswamy Kamal Sharma Jeevan Prakash Mohanty Thomas J.Korah Rethinking the linkages between foreign direct investment and development: a third world perspective By: Shashank P. Kumar Indiaââ¬â¢s Economic Growth and the Role of Foreign Direct Investment: By Lakhwinder Singh 2006. Indiaââ¬â¢s FDI inflows Trends and Concepts By K. S. Chalapati Rao & Biswajit Dhar Impact of liberalization on FDI structure in India. By Dr. Gulshan Kumar. Impact of foreign direct investment on Indian economy: A sectoral level analysis. By Dr Maathai K. Mathiyazhagan.Foreign Direct Investment in Post-R eform India: Likely to Work Wonders for Regional Development? By Peter Nunnenkamp and Rudi Stracke. FDI in India in the 1990s. Trends and issues. By R Nagaraj. Economic Reforms, Foreign Direct Investment and its Economic Effects in India by Chandana Chakraborty Peter Nunnenkamp. March 2006. China and India: Any difference in their FDI performances? By Wenhui Wei. June 2005 Fact sheet on FDI in India by the Planning Commission. Data on GDP growth rate from the Planning Commisiion. Wikipedia. com Planningcommission. nic. in 16 Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-69489560589375534262020-01-09T03:40:00.001-08:002020-01-09T03:40:02.927-08:00Psychology - 14463 Words Basic Human Needs 1 Running head: BASIC HUMAN NEEDS Basic Human Needs Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Colby College DRAFT Chapter to appear in Kruglanski, A., Higgins, E. (2006), Social Psychology: A handbook of basic principles, 2nd Edition. New York: Guilford Publications Thane S. Pittman and Kate R. Zeigler Department of Psychology 5550 Mayflower Hill Colby College Waterville, ME 04901 207-859-5557 tpittman@colby.edu Basic Human Needs Basic Human Needs It is vain to do with more what can be done with less. 2 attributed to William of Occam (c. 1285ââ¬â1349) There is always an easy solution to every human problem - neat, plausible, and wrong. H. L. Mencken (1949), p. 443 It has been a long time since aâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Anyone reading this chapter indoors is surrounded by, sitting on, probably wearing, and using things fabricated by homo sapiens. Humans make things. 4 When we move into the realm of psychology, matters become more complex and considerably less clear. In considering what, psychologically, might constitute human nature, social psychologists have not taken up the method of cross-species comparisons illustrated in the musings above. In fact in psychology more generally, instead of looking for what is unique about human nature, psychologists have tried repeatedly to come up with a few general principles that are meant to apply across all or virtually all species, essentially arguing that psychologically all species are governed by the same fundamental principles. This approach constitutes a scientifically sound strategy, in the spirit of Occam s Razor, as an attempt to understand complexity by reducing it to a few simple laws that apply to many species. Familiar examples of this approach include the various serious attempts by behaviorists to explain everything in terms of basic principles of reinforcement (Hull, 1943; Pavlov, 1927; Ski nner, 1938, 1981; Watson, 1930). These ideas were tested and refined extensively with experiments on rats and pigeons as well as humans, were extended into such realms as social learning (e.g., Miller Dollard, 1941), attitude formation and change (e.g., Doob, 1947), and group behavior (Zajonc, 1965), andShow MoreRelatedPsychology : Psychology And Psychology1627 Words à |à 7 Pagescovers the many questions we may have about psychology. It starts with the history and how it has changed throughout the years. It covers some of the many subfields and jobs you can have as a psychologist. It also covers the four big ideas that are associated with psychology. There are many more topics and sub-topics that will be covered within this paper on chapter 1. Section 1-1 Psychological Science is born: This section shows how the heart of psychology changes over time. In 1879, at a germanRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1519 Words à |à 7 PagesPsychology has been defined by many as the study of mental disorder or behavioral problems but discoveries and developments, points to psychology as the study of human mind and its functionality which includes the way we think, act, perceive things and be able to make decisions; all these makes man a complex being. Psychology isnââ¬â¢t just a phenomenon; it is a scientific study. Psychology as a science answers the question ââ¬Å"whyâ⬠, proposes a theory and sets experiment to test the hypothesis. 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Some of the first people to explore psychology were Aristotle and Socrates, (even though some of the things they thought were wrong) of course at the time they did not know what exactly they were studying. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/introduction-to-psychology-1/intr Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-65620006231043215142020-01-01T00:05:00.001-08:002020-01-01T00:05:03.771-08:00The Death Penalty Should Be Abolished Essay - 1349 Words Since 1976, there have been 1,442 executions in the United States (Facts about the Death Penalty, 2016). About 156 people have been exonerated from death row as of December 9th, 2016 per the data information from the Death Penalty Information Center (Factsâ⬠¦, 2016). The charts and data per the DPIC, shows that there are more people, who were executed, in the south and as noted, ââ¬Å"TX OKâ⬠, than there were in the Northeast, West, and other remaining Midwest region (Factsâ⬠¦, 2016). It seems that with the long process it takes for one death penalty litigant to be executed, can be very costly per the data information via DPIC (Factsâ⬠¦, 2016). The purpose of this reading material is to provide the readers both sides of the argument about the death penalty, starting with pro-death penalty arguments and the con-death penalty arguments. Then, following the information will be a thoughtful discussion from the writerââ¬â¢s ethical view, as to why the death penalty should be abolished. Death penalty supporters believe it will deter violence and supports due to of the information from the following areas: capital punishments for capital crimes, safety concerns, and retribution; on the contrary, the opposing side argues regarding: wrongful convictions, high costs, and high crime rates still present in the death penalty-approved states. Therefore, the death penalty is unethical, as it not only takes away a life at a costly price of the taxpayerââ¬â¢s money; but it also does not seem to deterShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1192 Words à |à 5 PagesNo Death Penalty Capital crime is something that is meant for people that are found guilty of committing a serious crime, such as murder, rape, or theft. These are offences that should not be taken lightly but by killing the offender, the government is carrying about the action that they are trying to prevent. Also, the wrong person may be sentenced to death. 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The articles, however, vary in their stand on death penalty. In all article it is very different on publisher stand. They discuss thing argument with their own way and vision of thinking. Adina Nicoleta (2011) has raised question for fair trial on the proceeding of the criminal cases. In other article Maestro MarcelloRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1534 Words à |à 7 PagesIntro The death penalty gives humans in our legal system rights to decide who deserves to live, a power only God should possess. Capital Punishment takes away our rights as equals. From its origins, the death penalty has been an inhumane, costly, ineffective, and biased form of punishment that needs to be abolished granting everyone their right to live. History of the Death Penalty Down through history, the death penalty has been adapted to be justifiable in the eyes of the people. By alteringRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1523 Words à |à 7 Pagescriminals has been performed by nearly every society to date. The death penalty came to the Americas when European settlers brought the idea of capitol punishment from Britain. The ideology behind taking someoneââ¬â¢s life for crimes they have committed is a simple one. If a person commits a hennas crime such as murder or rape, they shall receive the death penalty. In more recent times we now see many countries abolishing the death penalty. The trend suggests that the capitol punishment policies still implementedRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1306 Words à |à 6 Pageschanged since the 17th century, so why not the age old penalty of death? Capital punishment in the United States is a highly debated topic. Arguments that want to get rid of this method of punishment usually mention th e many problems that capital punishment is plagued with. The death penalty has many issues that cannot be resolved, and since these issues canââ¬â¢t be solved, the death penalty should be abolished. ââ¬Å"The irrevocable nature of the death penalty renders it an unsustainable and indefensible remedyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished1440 Words à |à 6 PagesThe death penalty is a very controversial topic in the United States. It is implemented for the purpose of providing safety to the community and bringing justice to victims and their families. The death penalty is legal in thirty-one states (ââ¬Å"31 Statesâ⬠), and there are over forty different types of federal capital crimes that are eligible for the death penalty. These include crimes such as treason and kidnapping that results in murder (ââ¬Å"41 Federalâ⬠). However, many argue whether the death penalty isRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Abolished968 Words à |à 4 PagesEvery year, thousands of lives are legally taken under the death penalty. Why should we take more lives than the ones that have already been taken? The death penalty is the punishment of execution, carried out legally against an individual convicted of a capital crime. Its proponents argue that the death penalty deters other criminals who may intend to commit similar crimes in the future. However, there is little statistical evidence to support this claim. Also, execution eliminates the criminalRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1350 Words à |à 6 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty, also known as capital punishment is a legal procedure in which a state executes a person for crimes he/she has committed. This punishment has been used by many states, and is normally used for serious crimes, especially murder. It is also used on crimes against the state such as treason, crimes against humanity, espionage, and violent crimes while other states use it as part of military justice. There are mixed reactions on capital punishmentRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?1443 Words à |à 6 Pages 6 Should the Death Penalty Be Abolished in the United States? Adalynne Francis CRJU 1000 Dr. Huss November 14, 14 Should capital punishment/ death penalty be abolished in the United States? Many feel that the death penalty is immoral and question whether the state and federal government deserve the right to kill those whom it has imprisoned. On the other hand, those opposed feel that by not acting upon the death penalty communities would plunge in anarchy and that by Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-8261246350796479262019-12-23T19:50:00.001-08:002019-12-23T19:50:03.397-08:00Freedom of Expression and Rap Music Essay - 1113 Words Many issues have come up regarding what rights and actions are protected under the First Amendment. Rap music should not be restricted on the television despite much controversy over the idea. Bok says that some acts cause debates, although people may disagree with it doesnt mean it should be taken away. There should be no restrictions held against playing of rap music. Music that we listen to constructs the sound track of our lives. The number one killer in creative speech is censorship. Censorship in music is a topic that has brought about much controversy in the past two decades. Preventing or punishing speech?is a clear violation of the First Amendment. (Censorship. Opposing Viewpoints by, Greehaven Press pageâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Zhar). Lawrence states that ?Blacks and other people of color are skeptical about the argument that even the most injurious speech must remain unregulated because, in an unregulated marketplace of ideas, the best ones will rise to the to p and gain acceptance. If the music is found to be so bad, then why are the parents not using the channel blocker on the channels that allow the music. Deciding what children should see and hear in my opinion is a parents chore and right to decide, not the governments. ?As long as gratuitous violence and sex arent being seen with Saturday morning cartoons, then what we have now is fine. When parents choose to ignore the ratings that are displayed on CDs, movies and television shows, and their children view or hear something graphic, it is the parents fault not the artists. There is no doubt that everything we hear and see in the media isnt going to rub us the right way but, thats the beauty of the first amendment? (Mariah Carey). Like Kilbourne states kids are easily influenced by what they hear and see. Not all rap music is about swearing, degrading woman and so forth. Many songs actually have meanings that the rappers try to portray to people. When artists create music that is senseless it can cloud peoples judgment towards the music type they are representing. A lot of rappers rap about cars, jewelry, sex, and murder and refer to themselves as keeping it real. So many people believe that rap music is basedShow MoreRelated Music Essay - America Needs Rap and Hip Hop1366 Words à |à 6 PagesAmerica Needs Rap and Hip Hop Ever since it became popular in the late eighties, hip-hop music has been a target of moral disapproval. Many critics have labeled the music as an offensive, vulgar, misogynist form of expression, which negatively influences its listeners, particularly children. Early in rap musics development concerned citizens and various government officials held protests against the release of certain rap albums. Rap musics opponents demanded strict censorship. ButRead MorePros And Cons Of Censorship1590 Words à |à 7 Pagesof art, music, speech, and expression. It can be seen as a means of suppressing free speech, especially in the case of musical lyrics and the impact music has on behaviors. According to Richard Taruskin, ââ¬Å"It is all but irresistible kinesthetic response that music evokes that makes it such a potent influence on behavior, thence on morals and beliefs.â⬠Therefore he justifies the need to censor music in order to prevent or reduce the negative behaviors associa ted with the influence of music lyrics.Read MoreThe Relationship Between Politics And Hip Hop Music Essay1570 Words à |à 7 PagesRap and Rebellion: The Relationship Between Politics and Hip-Hop Music The rap subculture is widely agreed to have been established in the Bronx, New York during the 1970ââ¬â¢s. At a time when block parties became popular, especially among African-American youths, hip-hop music was a means of expressing opinions and values and as a new source of communication. At these gatherings, DJs would play percussive breaks from popular songs, often on two turntables to enable them to extend these breaks. ThisRead MoreCensorship is a Personal Decision Essay1558 Words à |à 7 PagesCalifornia (1971) It is probably no accident that freedom of speech is the first freedom mentioned in the First Amendment: Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. The Constitutions framers believed that freedom of inquiry and liberty of expression were the hallmarks of a democratic society. Freedom of speech, of the press, of association, of assemblyRead MoreEssay on Censorship of Music1406 Words à |à 6 PagesCensorship of Music In todays society, all types of music artists are expressing their views, opinions and feelings in their songs about what they see and what they know. This is on of the great things about this country, the freedom to express yourself. It is not fair, nor is it constitutional that music should be censored in anyway. It is not only rap music trying to be censored it is in all types of music. They are taking away their rights and it isnt fair. As reported in the New York TimesRead MoreThe Hip Hop Culture1476 Words à |à 6 Pagesthe rapperââ¬â¢s different stories that they tell in their raps. The genre has expanded throughout the world and continued to evolve while sticking to these roots of individuality and uniqueness. As Tricia Rose explains in A Style Nobody Can Deal With, hip-hop culture originated in the mid to late-1970s in urban New York as a way for minorities to express themselves. In the beginning, hip-hop culture consisted of four ââ¬Ëelementsââ¬â¢, or ways of expression: rapping, DJing, break-dancing, and graffiti (Rose 73)Read MoreRap Music As An Art Form1295 Words à |à 6 PagesI. Introduction ââ¬Å"Rather than treat rap music as an art form whose primary purpose is to entertain, prosecutors have become adept at convincing judges and juries alike that the lyrics are either autobiographical confessions of illegal behavior or evidence of a defendantââ¬â¢s knowledge, motive, or identity with respect to the alleged crimeâ⬠(Nielson and Kubrin 1). Recently, prosecutors have been using rap lyrics as evidence in a criminal case. Rap, a form of hip-hop, originated in the 1970ââ¬â¢s in NewRead MoreThe Effects Of Violent Music On The Youth Culture1316 Words à |à 6 Pagesarticles that embodies different explanations from research on the effect of violent music, both positive and negative towards African American men, women, and children. The articles also provides information that will support the reason how Hip-hop has such an impact on the youth culture, how Hip-hop is valued, and how the music and its lyrics are interpreted. Changing Images of Violence Rap music lyrics: 1979-1997 Hip- hop has both a negative and positive impact on AfricanRead MoreAmerican History: Impact of Globalization on American Life657 Words à |à 3 Pagesan advantage. The popularity of rap music around the world is one of the positive signs of globalization. Rap music evolved as an art and cultural form of expression of the African-American community. Because rap lyrics are often political in nature, the popularity of rap has grown worldwide. Rap represents multiculturalism, because it embraces diversity. The popularity of the music shows that white audiences can be receptive to African-American art forms. Rap music lyrics are sometimes controversialRead MoreHow Rap Music effects Children1363 Words à |à 6 PagesHow Rap Music effects children. by Aren Darneal. Mrs.Glovers english 3. The urban youth of today are highly influenced by the lyrics of the music they listen to. This music can be narrowed down to todayââ¬â¢s version of hip-hop, or more commonly called rap. The youth are influenced by the lyrics and want to be like the rappers and live their lifestyle. What do these artists specifically talk about that want the youth to act this way? Most rap artists today produce the images of drug abuse, prostitution Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-430649175648658852019-12-15T16:19:00.001-08:002019-12-15T16:19:03.507-08:00My Professional Career Goals Free Essays I am determined to work In a Career field that will offer me the opportunity to do something that I enjoy doing as a job. My objective career goal is to work as a medical officer in the United States Army, specifically a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LESS). I have thoroughly considered the skills that I presently have and the abilities that I need to either change or perfect. We will write a custom essay sample on My Professional Career Goals or any similar topic only for you Order Now I been embarking on more educational avenues since I have being in the army to get close to this career goal. The ultimate goal I set out for myself was to get accepted In the United State Army Masters of Social Work Program. The program is one that helps determined individuals work on acquiring their Masters Degree in Social Work Services and become officers in the United Army. As I am already In the field of psychology I though a special Interest In the Social Work Services and have come to enjoy working in this department. My professional career goal is to get the schooling through the Army because it is all paid for. Finish my obligation and try to retire from the Army after 20 years of service. I know once I complete my service, I can always work for the federal employee for the Army. Also nee may ask the question, but why social work services? I have always been Interested In working In the medical field because I am good understanding people and can be a good listener and also because it is a respected profession. I have spent time in many different types of Jobs in my short time in the Army but one of the fields I enjoyed the most The Department of Social Work Services. It has become a commonly acceptable practice that we use different methods of learning to obtain information. Information technology allows us to easily identify with the various aspects and methods of social learning. The Web has also made It so easy to collaborate with other student in the process of learning and training. In pursuit of my short term goal which is to attain a Bachelorââ¬â¢s degree in Clinical Psychology, I have taken a few online courses to Include this class and It Is amazing how much information and insight I have been able to obtain from other students from the online environment. I was also able to obtain an undergraduate certificate in Terrorism and Homeland Security by online education. I am getting closer and closer to finishing my Bachelorââ¬â¢s Degree in Psychology. Online Education has made my ream meeting all the requirements of the Masters Program possible. The ability to share information with others In a participatory manner has allowed me to see and learn from my peers. The online method of learning brings synergy to the table and can also be very effective within the professional arena. I canââ¬â¢t emphasis enough how Iââ¬â¢m able to learn from others In the comfort of my own living room or office. In the world of web learning, Iââ¬â¢m able to keep up with current information concerning my career options as well as keep up with advancing technologies within my career. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the Employment of healthcare social workers is expected to grow by 34 percent, much faster than the average for all occupations In the United States. As baby boomers age, they and their families will require help from social workers to find care, which will increase demand for healthcare social workers. The average full-time medical social worker earned $50,500 per year as of 2011, according to the U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, but any subject averaged approximately $12,000 more in annual income. Career regression in this field is very rapid because of the constant need and demand for Licensed Clinical Social Workers. I do know that I will have to improve on any skills that could help in making me more sought after; for example a manager could be one that has knowledge, skills and interests in many areas but has no real specialty. Then there is the professional manager who will conform to the skills, competence and/or character which is expected of a properly qualified/experienced person. I also know I have work to do and things to learn as well as ideas to offer. How to cite My Professional Career Goals, Papers Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-52577668177041538202019-12-07T13:03:00.001-08:002019-12-07T13:03:03.110-08:00Challenges In Managing Global Teams â⬠Free Samples For Students Question: What are the challenges in managing global teams? Answer: Introduction Presently the term globalisation occupies the headlines and therefore it can be considered as the most discussed and researched topic among the business tycoons throughout the world. As a result of globalisation almost all the larger conglomerates have expanded their markets enormously and at the same time, they are also dependent on an extremely diverse workforce to exceed the present and future needs of the consumers (Mendenhall, 2012). In accordance with this, the global teams have proliferated based on the trust that the diverse talents present within each team will in turn help to achieve the organisational goals of reaching the markets overseas and also in the execution of complex strategic frameworks. This research work will solely focus on determining the challenges that the managers may face while managing a global team. This work will also concentrate on determining the plausible methods for mitigating the challenges as well. Background: Since years, the managers of the team have been facing several challenges. They were not only facing issues regarding the development of the business-oriented global teams but also in managing the challenging situations in controlling the team members. Sometimes these difficulties arise because of the poor communication between the team members. On the other hand, due to the cultural and language differences, they also fail to create impressive connections. Earlier researcher has gone through this issue and arrived at their opinions. This project aims to identify the concept of global team, the challenges faced by them and the process of team management. Problem definition: The only problem associated with this topic is that in the current scenario, the global-based organisations face serious challenges regarding the team management as well ascontrolling the team member for different reasons. Therefore, it is necessary to mitigate the challenges and develop an effectively maintained team. Project objective: Research aim: The broader aim of this research work is to determine the key advantages and disadvantages of the global teams and thereby arrive at the plausible solution. This will help to bridge the gap between the advantage sand disadvantages and thereby ensure the successful operability of the organisations. Research objectives: In order achieve the desired outcomes the following will be considered as the main objectives of this research work, To obtain a broader overview of the concept of global teams To determine the challenges faced by the global team management process To determine the advantages and disadvantages of global team management To state a measure through which the challenges faced by the global teams could be mitigated Project scope: Presently in the era of continuous advancements and rigorous changes in the business environment globalisation has become a very popular term. On a more precise note, through the emergence of globalisation, the organisations have become able to operate in different countries at ease (Williams, 2013). Now in order to ensure effective operability of these organisations overseas, it is necessary to manage global teams effectively. Therefore, the global team management has become an interesting issue of research. Presently, as the organisations are expanding their businesses rapidly it is necessary for them to develop a knowhow of the management skills required for managing global teams. Therefore, this research provides the scope of generating a broader knowledge on the challenges faced by organisations in managing global teams. Literature review: Concept of Global Team Management As pointed out by Daim et al., (2012) presently the use of global teams by the multinational conglomerates as part of strategic human resource management is evolving. The global teams are constructed across different geographical, cultural and temporal boundaries to grab the pool of extensively talented human resources spread across the globe. Challenges of Global Team Management Reviewing the available literature in this regard has revealed the fact that the global teams face a number of challenges which is a result of the geographical dispersion and technological mediation (Boutellier et al., 2013). The first and foremost challenge arises because of the geographical dispersion and decreasing physical cues gives rise to a lack of mutual knowledge among the team members and this, in turn, may result in faulty attribute about the remote team members. As pointed out by Heizer and Barry(2013), the distributed team members are found to be more likely to generate faulty attributes about the distance colleagues and this is solely because of the lack of physical cues and the situational awareness. Secondly, the global team members often face challenges regarding the knowledge sharing across different geographical locations (Richardson et al., 2012). As the team members are always working from a distance they are less likely to get a chance to have an informal encounter with each other which acts as a great source of knowledge sharing. Moreover, sometimes the team members are again members of another team, which gives rise to different levels of commitment that contributes to different levels of commitment towards knowledge sharing. Thirdly another challenge which is faced by the global teams is regarding the management of time and attention. While the emergence of email facility, instant messaging has facilitated communications across various time zones and allow the team members to communicate with each other as per their convenience, however, the use of excessive email and other technological communications systems may give rise to interruptions and distractions from work (Klitmller and Lauring, 2013). Advantages and Disadvantages of Global Team Management The advantages of the global teams can be listed as follows, Cost Savings The first and foremost advantage that the organisations enjoy through these global teams is savings a huge amount of costs. The cost of production reduces because of the reduction in cost associated with accruing raw materials and the lower wages of the employees who are working in their own geographical locations (Colomo-Palacios et al., 2014). Accruing Global Talent Global team enables the organisations to search for talents beyond their country of operations. This brings together the experts and the specialists across the globe on the same project. This, in turn, increases the innovativeness, knowledge sharing and the overall productivity of the organisations (Colomo-Palacios et al., 2014). Reduced Time for Marketing As the members of the global teams work across different time zones there are different teams who are working 24*7. This means that when one member is not working some other member is working and this, in turn, reduces the time for product development and generates a faster response to market demands. Secondary question: In accordance with the research objectives, the questions of the research has also been framed which are stated one by one below, What is the key concept of global team? What are the challenges faced by the global teams? What are the advantages and disadvantages of global team management? What is the precautionary measure through the challenges faced by the global teams could be mitigated? Research design and methodology: Research methodologies are necessary to follow while conducting a research. The research onion (See appendix for research onion) shows the methods need to carry out for a research. The current research is based on mix method methodology. Therefore, the researcher will propose main steps of both the methodologies for the research Qualitative research methodology: Qualitative research is based on descriptive data that cannot be measured or counted. Therefore, qualitative research follows certain methodologies for proceeding with the research. Inductive approach will be used for qualitative research as it focuses on the fact that not all social phenomenons cannot be counted. Inductive approach gives the provision for generalising data and analysing based on observation. Positivism philosophy will be used to interpret the data logically. Descriptive research will be used to explore as well as explain the research questions and objectives identified. Research data needs to be collected from a large number of respondents. However, collection of qualitative data from large population is difficult for a researcher within a limited timeframe (Brinkmann, 2014). For the current research, the population for the qualitative research part will be 4 managers from who will be selected from different multinational conglomerates that has teams in different parts of the globe. Non-probability purposive sampling method will be used for selecting the 4 managers from different multinational companies to gain insight regarding the challenges that they face in managing global teams. The research instrument will be interview. Interview is both good and bad for collecting qualitative data as in one hand; the researcher is able to observe the opinions and behaviour of others without inventories. Reliability and Validity: As the data is collected through qualitative methodology and interview instrument is subjective, there are chances that personal opinion of researchers may reflect on the final outcome of the research (Taylor et al. 2015). However, the researcher will set the interview questions according to the research questions and objectives, which will bind the respondents to provide accurate information. The researcher will restrain own self from inducing personal opinion which will further help in overcoming the barriers present in reliability and validity of the research. The collected qualitative data will be analysed in descriptive manner. Quantitative research methodology: Data Collection Method and research instrument: Survey will be used as the data collection method. Yin (2013) pointed out that survey helps in obtaining rich and enough numeric data, which is essential for quantitative research where numeric data is the instrument for analysing the variables. 80 employees of the global conglomerates who are working as a part of the global team in different multinational companies will be surveyed. This sample will be selected based on non-probability simple random sampling method. The current topic is about challenges in managing global teams. In this context, the samples for quantitative data collection should be those that are working in global teams. Therefore, employees who are working both in virtual method and on field in different companies around the globe for more than 1 years will be selected for this research. The independent variable is global teams whereas the dependent variable is the impact of global teams in organisations.The collected quantitative data will be analysed by using regression, descriptive statistics, and correlation by using SPSS tool whereas the data will be presented in tabular and graphical manner by using Microsoft Excel. As survey will be used, the respondents might provide haphazard answers, which in turn might influence the research outcome. In this context, the researcher will introduce the purpose of the research first to the respondents and then, the importance of the research outcome for teams working globally. Further, questionnaire will be developed Operation the research objectives with close-ended options which will help in overcoming the reliability and validity issue of the research. Research limitation: The researcher will face the limitation of limited time and limited budget. Due to these two factors, the researcher will not be able to collect enough secondary and primary data. Further, multinational organisations might not provide consent to interview their managers, which might become a barrier in achieving the research objectives. Time schedule: This research s planned to be progressed through a sequence of steps. At first, the idea and planning are set. Then the aims and objectives are fixed. The background of the study is also analysed. Afterwards the relevant literature is discussed in order to make the concept of the topic clear for the future development of the research. Even, the approach, design, method and timeframe of the research are also set. The sample size and data analysis method have also been controlled systematically. Finally, the conclusion is developed as per the entire evaluation. Task And Time 1st week (2nd-4th) week (5th-7th)Week (8th-10th) week (11th -16th) week (17th -20th)week (21th-23th) week 24th week 25th week 26th Week Introduction and Search for Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending the First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding, and Submission Conclusion: Thus, this research proposal has identified the research problem, the current and available literature as well as the methodological tools that are required for conducting a research. Reference List Brinkmann, S., 2014.Interview. In Encyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010).Springer New York. Daim, T.U., Ha, A., Reutiman, S., Hughes, B., Pathak, U., Bynum, W. and Bhatla, A., 2012. Exploring the communication breakdown in global virtual teams.International Journal of Project Management,30(2), pp.199-212. Heizer, R. and Barry, R., 2013.Operation Management, Sustainability and Supply Chain management(Vol. 11). Pearson, UK. Klitmller, A. and Lauring, J., 2013. When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality.Journal of World Business,48(3), pp.398-406. Mendenhall, M.E., 2012.Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Richardson, I., Casey, V., McCaffery, F., Burton, J. and Beecham, S., 2012. A process framework for global software engineering teams.Information and Software Technology,54(11), pp.1175-1191. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Williams, C., 2013.Principles of management.South-Western/Cengage Learning. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-4301691408304092272019-11-30T00:45:00.001-08:002019-11-30T00:45:03.805-08:00Ways to Improve Public Transport in Malaysia free essay sample Since it started operating in 1995, the KTM Komuter service has been horribly neglected. The fleet size has decreased by 50% while passenger demand has actually tripled. Poor planning and oversight has left KTMB unprepared for the expanded passenger demands. An open Parliamentary Committee would be able to review the plans of the operators and proposals and make the necessary investments to improve public transportation. 5) Only a few operators, please Competition is hurting public transportation in Malaysia. The only way that we can see real improvements is to reduce competition within the industry and focus on consolidation. The largest bus company, Konsortium Transnasional Berhad, is a good example of this consolidation. It offers express and intercity and urban bus services through its different branches and brands. Konsortium Bas Ekspres on the other hand, shows you what happens when there is consolidation without proper regulation. Konsortium Bas Ekspres has become notorious for bus crashes, underpaid and reckless drivers, and poor maintenance. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Improve Public Transport in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The government should encourage existing operators to form properly regulated conglomerates like KTB. Under the proposed system of regulated competition, the Local Authority can even (with proper justification) invite foreign transport companies like First and Veolia and ComfortDelGro to compete for bus routes tendered in their areas. 6) Proper information Malaysians are, ironically, being restricted by companies that are supposed to provide them mobility. Bus operators and even government operators like RapidKL, KL Monorail, and KTMB are doing everything in their power to keep assengers using their services-even at the expense of passenger convenience. Bus operators only provide basic route information and only on the bus itself. RapidKL has discouraged the sale of integrated public transport maps like BastrenKL at LRT stations and bus hubs. In addition, for RapidKL to provide route information at a bus stop or give updates on the radio, they are forced to pay advertising rates. Wit h little or no comprehensive information available to public transport users, their ability to use the services and maximize their ringgit is severly limited. When the local Public Transport Authorities are created they should be expected to provide information through signs on bus stops, the internet, news-spots on broadcasting and narrowcasting, free paper guides, downloadable route maps, and sms services. This will help information reach the customers. 7) More buses and train carriages Most people would think that this should be further up in the list but I disagree. We cannot build public transportation without realistic demands and proper data. Without these vital pieces of information, our planning is reduced to If we build it, they will come. There are enough buses in the Klang Valley (shared among the major and minor bus operators) to meet all of the needs to the DBKL. These buses need to be better organized so they do not only focus on the profitable routes and do not spend most of their time waiting for passengers. Only a local public transport authority which owns the routes and controls the buses would be able to implement a successful system. If we rely on the operators themselves to organize and improve services, nothing will happen. 8) Build better public transport from the bottom up Bus lanes are not a popular solution among drivers. But we have to realize that bus lanes and bus rapid transit system are a solution that will work for the Klang Valley and throughout Malaysia. Rather than spending all our funds in the Klang Valley alone, we should be thinking about improving public transportation throughout the country. To give you an understanding of this, consider the 120km of rail lines proposed in the KLCity2020 Draft Plan. Most of these lines will cost RM200-300 million per km. It will cost a total of RM 40 billion to build all of these lines, but the capacity will be the same as the existing KL Monorail and Kelana Jaya LRT. However, if the 120km of lines were built as a mix of Bus Rapid Transit and Rapid Tram lines, they could be built for RM40-75 million per km or approximately 7-10 billion, which would spare another RM30 billion for the rest of the country! 9) A complete mass-transit network Mass-transit networks are vital for urban and suburban areas. Each economic region of Malaysia should have a complete public transport network and the backbone of this network comes from rail services. Instead of focusing on building more lines and more extensions the goal should be completing the network as quickly and effectively as possible. Once effective, rapid networks are in place, we can plan and upgrade capacity on the various lines. One day we will need more LRT and KTM Komuter in the Klang Valley, Rapid Trams in Georgetown, and Johor, and KTM Komuter Udara, Selatan and Timur, and high speed rail networks in Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah and Sarawak. But until then, we have to focus on building realistic demand for public transportation services. 10) Affordable and reasonable fares I disagree with any proposal that says that bus fares and public transport fares must be subsidized. Most people would assume that the lower-income group comprise the majority of public transport users, and therefore subsidies would be necessary. However, this only perpetuates the image that public transport is for the lower-income group and the poor. The fact is that low fares have brought us into this situation of low-quality service. Effectively, we get what we pay for. So if we wish to see public transportation improve, we will have to invest more money into our services and that includes higher fares. At the same time, higher fares do not have to be a burden. Under the system of regulated competition, the local authority would be able to run the fare system and they would be the best choice to implement the subsidy for operators. The local authority can also provide support to the needy in the form of free bus passes or discounted bus passes. They can also encourage fare-saving promotions, fare discounts for using Touch N Go, and even income tax credits for those who purchase monthly and weekly passes. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-75650297494891052212019-11-25T22:35:00.001-08:002019-11-25T22:35:05.388-08:00How Does ACT Essay Length Affect Your ScoreHow Does ACT Essay Length Affect Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips There's not a whole lot of information out there on how essay length affects ACT Writing scoring. Are longer essays better? But the essay scoring rubric doesn't say anything about essay length, so maybe it doesn't matter? Fear not - your questions will be answered in this article. feature image credit:48 What's That? How Long? Sit On, It., Lindt Big Egg Hunt Covent Garden 26-3-2013 by Martin Pettitt, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped and resized from original. Why Does Essay Length Matter? Short answer: essay length is highly correlated with essay score. The more you write, the better youââ¬â¢ll do on the essay. There's a fairly famous 2005 New York Times article by Michael Winerip about the then-director of MIT's undergraduate writing program, Les Perelman. When he compared the lengths and scores of the 54 sample essays the CollegeBoard had released, he found that he could predict essay score based on essay length 90% of the time. Short essays (around 100 words) received a 1 out of 6, while the longest essays (around 400 words) received a 6 out of 6. I searched online to see if anyone had done comparable research on the ACT essay, but did not turn up anything, so I did a quick analysis of the word counts for the sample ACT essays. All the essays were written in response to the same prompt, and all received the same score across the 4 ACT Writing scoring domains (for more on this, read my article on the ACT essay grading rubric). Bonus graph practice for ACT Reading. You're welcome! As you can see in the graph above, the more words you write in your essay, the better you'll do. In fact, essays with a score of 5 or 6 in all domains had nearly twice as many words (and so were twice as long) as the essay scoring a 2 in all domains. On the other hand, itââ¬â¢s important to note that writing a long essay does not automatically lead to a higher score. Looking at the graph above, it might be tempting to think "hey, I guess I can just fill up my paper with an essay about dinosaurs, and as long as I write at least 400 words I'm guaranteed a 4 or higher! Time to write my magnum opus about the new discovery that apatosaurs and brontosaurs are in fact different species." Brontosaurus by philosophygeek, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped from original. That's right. Brontosaurus is back, babies! Unfortunately for all of you dinosaur fans out there, it's not that simple. While there is a strong correlation between essay length and essay score, the correlation is most likely caused by a third factor: essay content. Longer essays tend to score higher because it indicates the student has done a deeper analysis of the topic and been more thoughtful.Essay graders aren't just going to look at your 4-page essay on comparative dinosaur anatomy and go "That sure looks like the length of a high-scoring essay. 6s all around!" The graph above shows this correlation while also highlighting another interesting trend: a 6-scoring essay can very well be shorter than a 5-scoring essay. The most likely reason for this? The 6-scoring essay on the ACT site uses more advanced vocabulary, which means the writer required fewer words to say the same amount of information. So How Long Should Your Essay Be? There are multiple factors that determine how long your essay ends up being, only some of which will lead to a higher score. Below, I've listed the four key factors that determine essay length. 1. Vocabulary. The more advanced vocabulary you use, the fewer words you'll need to get your point across, which might result in a shorter essay. This difference can be seen on the word count graph above: the 5-scoring essay is longer than the 6-scoring essay. 2. Handwriting size. Students with smaller handwriting may be able to get in more words per pages, which means that their essays end up being fewer pages. This doesn't necessarily mean students with larger handwriting have an advantage, however; in fact, students with larger handwriting tend to run into the issue of filling up all the available pages and failing saying everything they needed or wanted to say. 3. Your writing and thinking speed. If you take longer than 8-10 minutes to plan out your essay, you might end up writing a shorter essay, simply because you don't have as much time to write. That doesn't necessarily mean that you'll do worse on the essay - an organized essay with well-explained examples will score better than a disorganized one without any support - but it does mean that you might end up with less time to write out your ideas. 4. Writing vs. planning time. You'll need to figure out what proportion of planning to writing time works best for you through practice. Over the years, I've realized that I can write fairly quickly, which means that it's okay if I take a little more time to plan out my essay - I'll still be able to write everything I need to. On the other hand, if you find that you're a slow writer, you might not be able to write enough unless you get faster at planning your essay. Assuming you can hand-write about 150 words per page, you should aim for at least two pages to get an ACT writing score of 3 (or above) in the Ideas Analysis, Development Support, and Organization domains. To get a 5 or a 6, youââ¬â¢ll probably need to write at least three pages. Whatââ¬â¢s Next? How can you write so much in so short an amount of time? Follow along, step by step, as I write a top-scoring ACT essay. Curious as to what ââ¬Å"domainâ⬠scores are and how you can score a 2 in one domain and still get a perfect 12 on your essay? Take a look at this article on the ACT essay scoring rubric for analysis and strategies. Took the old ACT and not sure if your essay preparations need to be revamped? Read up on the new enhanced ACT Writing Test! Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes your prep program to your strengths and weaknesses. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice ACT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial: Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-18889563111701526112019-11-22T05:59:00.001-08:002019-11-22T05:59:04.149-08:00Can The Genocide Be Explained Sociologically Criminology EssayCan The Genocide Be Explained Sociologically Criminology Essay provide intellectually responsible explanations of these events, social scientists are therefore capable of producing explanations that can both interpret and create understanding. Their work allows further reflection on the problem of explanations in sociological work (Brown, 1963). This essay will focus on whether or not social scientists provide an explanation for genocide, in other words whether or not genocide can be explained sociologically. The beginning and emergence of genocide is unknown but it is assumed that the first genocide took place during the hunting and gathering period (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). After agriculture had been discovered there was a division within the world and it consisted of settlers and nomads. The settlers were good at gathering food and a conflict resulted between the two groups as the nomads would raid the settlers of their food, however they would not kill the settlers when doing so as they were still needed because the nomads planned to con tinue and raid the settlers in the coming years. The settlers could not defend themselves due to lack of resources (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). As time progressed the settlerââ¬â¢s learnt how to improve their agriculture skills and their produce grew so well that they could support cities, rulers and armies. They became successful and wealthy and started to associate with trade and began to build empires and city states. As a result of this, conflict then grew over wealth, trade and trade routes. Wars were fought over this, and it was through these wars that people realised their victories were temporary. It became clear that the only way to have a guaranteed secure future was to eliminate those who were defeated completely. Thus the first reason for the first genocide appears to be elimination of any future threats (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). Genocide then grew and progressed from this. Genocide as defined by Lemkin (1944) who states that it is ââ¬Å"the criminal intent to des troy or to cripple permanently a human group. The acts are directed against groups as such, and individuals are selected for distraction only because they belong to these groupsâ⬠(Lemkin, 1944 p. 147). This is the definition that the UN (United Nations) Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide relied upon (Andreopoulos, 1994). Following this, social scientists have redefined the term genocide to suite their theoretical perspectives. The definition of the UN convention however, remains the most popular and widely used. This is due to it being a legally accepted and a workable definition. Under the definition of the UN Convention, Genocide remains an international crime whether committed in peace or war this shows that genocide is a uniform phenomenon (Andreopoulos, 1994). Variations within genocide do exist, through its context and processes, for example, the distinction between domestic genocide and genocide done in international war. With domestic genocide, people have differences and conflicts within their own societies based on religious views, ethnicity and their race, while, with international war genocide, mass killings are committed due to conflict between two separate states (Andreopoulos, 1994). Through the UN Genocide Convention, genocide was deemed the most horrendous crime of all time and individuals would then use it as the defence to any form of discrimination, oppression and injustice (Martin, 2006). This resulted in disadvantaged groups trying to get sympathy by dramatizing their situations. For example, due to one of the articles of the convention, which claimed genocide included an intention to prevent any birth, led to claims that abortion clinics were a form of genocide. In more general terms if an individualââ¬â¢s rights were violated, this would also be taken as genocide. The concept was clearly being abused, and the UN became more and more resistant to charges of genocide. This may have contributed to the need of re-definition of genocide. It is therefore important to reach a generic definition of genocide which should be consistent with the everyday use of the word so that when people see a mass murder the only word available to them to describe such an event should be genocide (Chalk and Jonassohn, 1990). Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-26092817041232495052019-11-20T20:53:00.001-08:002019-11-20T20:53:05.933-08:00Self-Managed Teams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsSelf-Managed Teams - Research Paper Example For example, in a company, there can be two or more functioning self-managed teams with each having a team leader (Cork 146). Members of the self-managed teams, like any other team should have characteristics that bring them together, these are such as; members should have a common goal, should have self esteem, and should also be open when it comes to communication. The members should also respect each other, be involved in conflict resolutions, and lastly, there should be a lot of tolerance and trust within the team (Belasen 149). 2. Types of self-Managed Teams There are two common types of self-managed teams. These are production or service teams and problem solving self- managed teams. Problem-solving self-managed teams. These are intended to identify problems and derive solutions that are initiated by employees and supported by management. These teams typically rely on mapping methods such as flow charts, to target processes for improvement (Belasen 150).They are able to achieve improvement using the following processes: a. Identifying the customers and their requirements. b. Defining the current process to meet the customerââ¬â¢s needs. c. ... 3. Characteristics of Self-Managed Teams A self-managed being one of the many types of teams, has some characteristics that it shares with other types, but there are those that are peculiar to it only. The following are the characteristics of a self-managed team: In self-managed teams, decision making and formal power are transferred to the team. This means that the team is designed in a way that leadership roles and responsibilities are shared (Belasen 150). There is no external supervision; that is, the objectives are adopted internally. In this case, work is designed to give the team ownership (Belasen 150). Being like any other type of team, there is a high level of interdependence. The members of a self-managed team must work together so achieve the common goal they have (Belasen 150). Norms and coercive control replace rules and formal bureaucratic control. Accountability in self-managed teams is collective. So, if one member fails, he or she fails the whole team (Belasen 150). Members of the self-managed team are multiskilled. This enables them to handle all requirements and cover for absent members, without interfering with the performance of the team (Belasen 150). 4. The Advantages (Pros) of Self-Managed Teams in Business Effective communication among the employees in the business. Self-managed teams usually foster communication, because the members of the team share common goals and objectives, and thus networking among the members is very easy, consequently boosting the performance of a business (Pride, Hughes, and Kapoor 297). High production in the business. This is because the members are multi-skilled, thus enabling them to handle all requirements and also cover an absent member. With this, the business is Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-52161594218540543092019-11-19T00:07:00.001-08:002019-11-19T00:07:03.446-08:00A persuasive arguement Was Saddam Husseins execution an essential Research PaperA persuasive arguement Was Saddam Husseins execution an essential point in establishing democracy in Iraq - Research Paper Example dictator was responsible for various war crimes, said to have been the reason behind many assassination of various political figures and other crimes. His campaign againt the Kurds in the north of Iraq and the use of chemical weapons against innocent people was something that would be unjustifiable at any stage or at any forum. Not only was his regime responsible for countless deaths and near genocides in the country of Iraq itself but it was also responsible for deaths and environmental disasters in Iran and Kuwait. Saddam Hussein was born in Iraq in a village to the north of Baghdad in 1937 and grew up in very humble surroundings. He led a life of poverty and even illiteracy from which he crawled out of by scratching his way and taking any opportunity that was given to him. At the age of ten he moved in with his uncle in Baghdad who was an army officer and from there he began to indulge in politics (Moore, n.d). Saddamââ¬â¢s political affiliation and his manner of engaging in political activities was not always a great way of doing things. He was only twenty one years old when he was involved in a failed assassination attempt at the then prime minister General Abdel-Karim Qassem and had to leave the country (N.A, Saddams Rise To Power, n.d). From the start the life that was led by this man was considered as that of a man on a criminal path. He was jailed for in 1963 after his party the Baââ¬â¢ath lost power in the country and then in 1968 he once again led this party to power via a coup. Many hold that Saddam was a messiah for the nation and did many good things. He had nationalized the Iraqi oil industry that lead to wealth coming into the pockets of the Iraqi citizens and caused quite a bit of harm to the international companies that were making profits. He also made education compulsory in order to improve the literacy rate of the nation. This program was made mandatory and a punishment of three year jail time was to be enforced and during this time many Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-67886376349451602982019-11-16T12:39:00.001-08:002019-11-16T12:39:04.181-08:00Miller associates Essay Example for Free Miller associates Essay Miller uses language carefully throughout the play to create various atmospheres. In Proctors meeting with Abigail, emotions were running high, and there was a certain amount of fission and sexual chemistry between them. The atmosphere here was passionate, angry and lustful. This is a direct contrast to the start of act two, as Proctor talks with his wife, Elizabeth. The atmosphere is cold and formal. There is no chemistry between the two, and we begin to understand why Proctor was so tempted by Abigail. It is clear to see there is a spark between them, whereas his relationship with Elizabeth is sterile and dull. Miller associates Proctor with fire and burning he burned with lust for Abigail, and then with guilt. This imagery makes us think of danger, the devil and witchcraft. The connotations of fire, especially in a society such as Salem are of hell and burning in hell for eternity. This also links in with the title; Miller chose the title of The Crucible to demonstrate Proctors metaphorical journey. Proctor is like the metals that go in the crucible to be purged of all impurities. Proctor comes out at the end with no impurities. Proctor says, its winter in here yet Elizabeth. This quote suggests their relationship is still not mended, and shows us just how cold it really is, not only in their home, but their relationship. Winter is an effective metaphor because it demonstrates Elizabeths coldness towards Proctor. The Proctors are struggling to heal a rift in their marriage and this is portrayed by Elizabeths coldness, silence and Proctors fiery outbursts. Proctor also compares his house to a court; I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies, as though I come into a court when I come into this house. Proctor still hasnt regained Elizabeths trust and is frustrated by her scepticism. However, he is also angry with himself, as he knows that he has given her a good reason to act this way, and he cant expect her not to, as it was his wrong doing that is causing her to behave in this manner. Proctor feels that Elizabeth judges him, Let you look sometimes for the goodness in me, and judge me not. Elizabeth says it is Proctor that judges himself, The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. She understands how guilty he feels, but knows Proctor must atone before he can resolve his marriage and regain his self respect. He considers himself a fraud for betraying his own vision of decent conduct. Proctor is disappointed in himself for not being strong enough to resist temptation and for betraying his wife, and he regrets this deeply. The only way Proctor can make up for his sins is to atone, until then he is tortured by his actions. Elizabeth is the only one who understands his need for atonement. At first Proctor is reluctant to expose the truth about Abigail. This shows us he is afraid to hurt Abigail and possibly expose himself as a lecher, but he is also afraid of embarrassing his wife. It is only at the end of act two when Elizabeth is under threat that Proctor knows he must tell the truth. Proctor feels guilty when Elizabeth is accused because he knows it is Abigails way of getting back at them; getting back at John for leaving her, and getting back at Elizabeth for having what she wants, and for dismissing her from working in her home. Proctor must sacrifice his good name, which is one of his most prized possessions to save his wife. This shows us how much he truly loves Elizabeth, even though they have grown apart. They no longer have any chemistry between them, as John and Abigail do, but they have a strong bond, which is the basis of their relationship. Abigail desires vengeance against Elizabeth, because she sees Elizabeth as the only obstacle between her and Proctor. Elizabeths arrest is an opportunity for Proctor to atone his sins and wrong-doing, because he can come clean and confess his affair, and save Elizabeth, and rectify his marriage. In doing this, he also shows the court how sinful and bad Abigail really is. Until this point, all the people in the community, with the exception of the other young girls, has seen Abigail as a sweet, innocent girl, caught up in witchcraft. Proctors confession horrifies Abigail, as she realises that this could endanger her. Proctor is the only person who seems to see that the girls are making up these lies of witchcraft to save themselves from being whipped. Events have conspired against Proctor and the public crisis in Salem has become his own personal nightmare. His initial intention to save Elizabeth grows to a wider purpose, of saving his friends and exposing the corrupt authority and the girls lies and deceit. Parris tries to accuse Proctor of trying to overthrow the court, and this accusation only shows us that the court was purely biased and any defence was treated as an attack on the court. Proctor sacrifices his good name by admitting to the court his affair with Abigail, and at this point, we see that he has now become completely desperate, I beg you, sir, I beg you. He is so determined to save Elizabeth that he will beg the court and totally humiliate himself. This shows his sheer desperation and Proctor swallowing his pride for the sake of the community and the people he loves; this is his attempt to atone, and prove his love for Elizabeth. When asked if Proctor committed adultery Elizabeth ironically lies and says she has know knowledge of John being unfaithful. She lies to protect him and save his good name and reputation, even if it meant she as still accused. But, in doing this, she also protects Abigail, and her claims of witchcraft become more credible to the courts once again. This, gives us further sympathy for John, as he has thrown away his good name, and yet, it got him nowhere. Elizabeths denial, however, shows that despite Proctors affair, Proctor and Elizabeth are still deeply in love as they are both willing to sacrifice themselves for each other. This shows their relationship is strong but they just have problems communicating their feelings and the affair brought a barrier down between them. We also see here, where the obstacle between John and Abigail was Elizabeth, the obstacle between John and Elizabeth is Abigail, as it is because of her jealousy and accusations that Elizabeth is imprisoned. The consequences of Elizabeths only lie is that Proctor is accused of witchcraft and will hang unless he lies and confesses. The irony here is that if he tells the truth, the truth is seen as a lie, yet if he lies, the lie is seen as the truth. This seems to be the moral of the town throughout the play: Only those who lie survive. However, being a religious town, it is seen that liars will go to hell and be damned when they die. This is why the good, religious people of the community, such as Martha Corey and Rebecca Nurse, refuse to confess to witchcraft to save themselves. They refuse to sin for the sake of a lie. At the end of Act three, Proctor is accused of witchcraft, just as Miller, and many others, were accused of communism during the McCarthy witch hunts. The parallels between Proctor and Miller are the paranoia and mass hysteria that was surrounding them and the fear they felt. Neither Proctor nor Miller confessed, and neither would give names of their friends. Proctor is now is now in open conflict with the court. His friends rely on him and his life is in the balance. This scene has endeared us, the audience to him because we see his utter desperation and the way he will sacrifice himself for Elizabeth and the way he protects his friends. We sympathise with him because he has a tough decision to make, life or death, wrong or right. He is struggling with his morals too, as he cannot help his friends if he is dead, yet he doesnt have it in him to confess to a sin he hasnt committed. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6161196000955706346.post-1072580289913884672019-11-14T01:09:00.001-08:002019-11-14T01:09:03.204-08:00The Impact of Globalization on Poverty Essay -- Outsourcing, OffshorinGlobalization has helped raise the standard of living for many people worldwide. It has also, however, driven many deeper into poverty. Small businesses and third world countries are not capable of updating their technology as often as their larger, wealthier counterparts. Unable to compete with multinational firms and wealthy nations, small businesses and third world countries and forced to do business locally, never growing and reaching their full potential. Technological advances are made daily throughout the world. However, it is expensive to rapidly make and transport these advances globally. This high production cost causes the consumerââ¬â¢s price to be unnecessarily high. Today, there are many countries in the world that cannot afford to pay such a high price for the latest technology, and by the time they can afford to pay, newer, more advanced technology exists. The democratization of technology benefits mainly the wealthier countries. Technological advances not only benefit wealthy countries, but also wealthier companies. Technological advancements allow countries and their companies worldwide publicity when they are successful. Because investors are able to easily invest on the Internet, on the telephone, and through facsimile machines, the profits of companies have increased greatly. Currency traders all over the world have also been able to update exchange rates and notify the public of the updates more rapidly. This has led to more desire to finalize deals because companies are able to be sure that they are receiving competitive exchange rates. Swissair, an airline based in Switzerland, even moved its entire accounting division from Switzerland to India simply because the accountants in India are among the best in the world. They were able to do this because all of the information from their new office halfway around the world was transmitted through the use of technologically advanced devices. Because labor is cheaper and the workers are more skilled in India, the company benefited in two ways. For the same reasons as in India, Thailand has moved from being primarily a rice-producing nation, to the worldââ¬â¢s second largest producer of pickup trucks and fourth largest producer of motorcycles (Solbrig). As far back as the invention of the telephone, the countries with the best economies were the most technologically advanced. ... ...Claas van der Linde. Toward a New Conception of the Environment-Competitiveness Relationship. Journal of Economic Perspectives. (Fall 2009) pp. 97-118. Solbrig, O. T. et al. Globalization and Technology. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2014. Tietenberg, Thomas. Globalization Economics. Addison Wesley: New York, 2011. pp. 561. pp. 7-11. Internet Sources Consulted "Globalization." - National Geographic Education. National Geographic, n.d. Web. 14 May 2015. LONDON. "When Did Globalisation Start?" The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 23 Sept. 2013. Web. 15 May 2015. "Globalization." Defination & Example. Investing Answers, 2001-2014. Web. 15 May 2015. Olivero, Tina. "Globalization: Understanding the Impact of Globalization on Our World." Global Oil and Gas Industry News. 29 Nov. 2011. Web. 15 May 2015. Ager, Rob. "Collative Learning - Rob Ager." Collative Learning - Rob Ager. N.p., 2007. Web. 22 May 2015. Collins, Mike. "The Pros And Cons Of Globalization." Manufacturing . Net. Saving American Manufacturing, 28 June 2010. Web. 26 May 2015. Fitzpatrick, Liam. "The Best of Asia." Time. Time Inc., 27 Apr. 2007. Web. 26 May 2015. Mckenna Brownhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08526920528020901109noreply@blogger.com0